UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT MARCIA STEIN; RODOLFO BONE, No. 22-15862 Qui Tam Relators; ex rel. United States of America, D.C. Nos.

Plaintiffs-Appellants, 3:16-cv-05337- EMC and 3:13-cv-03891- UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, EMC

Plaintiff, OPINION v. KAISER FOUNDATION HEALTH PLAN, INC., a California corporation; KAISER FOUNDATION HOSPITALS, a California corporation; KAISER FOUNDATION HEALTH PLAN OF COLORADO, A Colorado Corporation; KAISER FOUNDATION HEALTH PLAN OF GEORGIA, INC., a Georgia corporation; KAISER FOUNDATION HEALTH PLAN OF THE MID- ATLANTIC STATES, INC., a Maryland corporation; KAISER 2 STEIN V. KAISER FOUND. HEALTH PLAN, INC.

FOUNDATION HEALTH PLAN OF THE NORTHWEST, an Oregon corporation; KAISER FOUNDATION HEALTH PLAN OF WASHINGTON, a Washington corporation; PERMANENTE MEDICAL GROUP, INC., a California corporation; SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA PERMANENTE MEDICAL GROUP; COLORADO PERMANENTE MEDICAL GROUP, a Colorado corporation; SOU