UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT APACHE STRONGHOLD, a No. 21-15295 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization, D.C. No. Plaintiff-Appellant, 2:21-cv-00050- SPL v. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA; OPINION THOMAS J. VILSACK, Secretary, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA); RANDY MOORE, Chief, USDA Forest Service; NEIL BOSWORTH, Supervisor, USDA Forest Service, Tonto National Forest; TOM TORRES, Acting Supervisor, USDA Forest Service, Tonto National Forest,

Defendants-Appellees, ______________________________ RESOLUTION COPPER MINING, LLC,

Intervenor. 2 APACHE STRONGHOLD V. UNITED STATES

Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Arizona Steven Paul Logan, District Judge, Presiding

Argued and Submitted En Banc March 21, 2023 Pasadena, California

Filed March 1, 2024

Before: Mary H. Murguia, Chief Judge, and Ronald M. Gould, Marsha S. Berzon, Carlos T. Bea, Mark J. Bennett, Ryan D. Nelson,