UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT PAUL SNITKO; JENNIFER No. 22-56050 SNITKO; JOSEPH RUIZ; TYLER GOTHIER; JENI VERDON- D.C. No. PEARSONS; MICHAEL STORC; 2:21-cv-04405- TRAVIS MAY, RGK-MAR

Plaintiffs-Appellants, OPINION v. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA; E. MARTIN ESTRADA, in his official capacity as Acting United States Attorney for the Central District of California; DONALD ALWAY, in his official capacity as an Assistant Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation,

Defendants-Appellees.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California R. Gary Klausner, District Judge, Presiding

Argued and Submitted December 7, 2023 Pasadena, California 2 SNITKO V. USA

Filed January 23, 2024

Before: CARLOS T. BEA, MILAN D. SMITH, JR., and LAWRENCE VANDYKE, Circuit Judges.

Opinion by Judge Milan D. Smith, Jr.; Concurrence by Judge Milan D. Smith, Jr.;