Argued November 12, 2024 Decided January 17, 2025

No. 23-3074

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, APPELLEE

v.

JEFFREY SCOTT BROWN, APPELLANT

Consolidated with 23-3075, 23-3104

Appeals from the United States District Court for the District of Columbia (No. 1:21-cr-00178-1) (No. 1:21-cr-00178-2) (No. 1:21-cr-00178-3)

Jerome A. Madden, appointed by the court, argued the cause and filed the briefs for appellant Jeffrey S. Brown.

Dennis E. Boyle argued the cause and filed the briefs for appellant Peter J. Schwartz. 2

Benjamin Schiffelbein, Assistant Federal Public Defender, argued the cause and filed the brief for appellant Markus Maly.

Peter F. Andrews, Assistant U.S. Attorney, argued the cause for appellee. With him on the brief were Matthew M. Graves, U.S. Attorney, and Chrisellen R. Kolb and Nicholas P. Coleman, Assistant U.S. Attorneys.

Before: MILLETT and GARCIA, Circuit Judges, and ROGERS, Senior Circuit