United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit ______________________

IDEKER FARMS, INC., ROBERT ADKINS, JR., ROBERT ADKINS, SR., ESTATE OF BETTY AD- KINS, ESTATE OF ROBERT ADKINS, SR., KEN AD- KINS, DBA ROBERT ADKINS & SONS PARTNERSHIP, GERALD SCHNEIDER, DBA BUF- FALO HOLLOW FARMS, INC., Plaintiffs-Cross-Appellants

LYNN BINDER, ELAINE BINDER, TODD BINDER, APRIL BINDER, TYLER BINDER, VALERIE BINDER, RICHARD BINDER, DUSTIN BINDER, DARWIN BINDER, DBA MIDWEST GRAIN CO., ED- DIE DREWES, ROBERT W. DREWES REVOCABLE TRUST, RITA K. DREWES REVOCABLE TRUST, DAVID DREWES, INDIVIDUALLY AND, DBA DREWES FARMS, INC., PATRICK NEWLON, DBA NEWLON FARMS, INC., DAVID NEWLON, DBA D DOUBLE N FARMS, INC., JASON TAYLOR, BRAD TAYLOR, DBA H.B.J. FARMS, INC., LYLE HODDE, DBA HODDE & SONS LIMITED PARTNERSHIP, STEVE CUNNINGHAM, TRUSTEE OF THE DORIS J. CUNNINGHAM AND STEVEN K. CUNNINGHAM DECLARATION OF TRUST, GAIL CUNNINGHAM, DBA CUNNINGHAM FARMS, INC., CHARLES GARST, INDIVIDUALLY AND, DBA GARST FARMS, INC., CONNIE GARST, DBA GARST FARMS, INC., RON SCHNEIDER, MARY SCHNEIDER, ET AL., Plaintiffs

v. Case: 21-1849 Document: 95 Page: 2 Filed: 06/16/2023

2 IDEKER FARMS, INC. v. US

UNITED STATES, Defendant-Appellant ______________________

2021-1849, 2021-1875 ______________________

Appeals from the United States Court of Federal Claims in No. 1:14-cv-00183-AOB, Judge Armando O. Bonilla. ______________________

Decided: June 16, 2023 ______________________

DONALD B. VERRILLI, JR., Munger, Tolles & Olson LLP, Washington, DC, argued for plaintiffs-cross-appellants. Also represented by ELAINE GOLDENBERG, DAHLIA MI- GNOUNA; BENJAMIN JOSEPH HORWICH, San Francisco, CA; SETH C. WRIGHT, Polsinelli, PC, Kansas City, MO.

BRIAN C. TOTH, Environment and Natural Resources Division, United States Department of Justice, Washing- ton, DC, argued for defendant-appellant. Also represented by TODD KIM.

DAVID CHUNG, Crowell & Moring LLP, for amicus cu- riae American Farm Bureau Federation. Also represented by ELIZABETH DAWSON.

TREVOR CALDWELL BURRUS, Cato Institute, for amici cu- riae Cato Institute, Mountain States Legal Foundation. Also represented by JOSEPH BINGHAM, Mountain States Le- gal Foundation, Lakewood, CO; ILYA SHAPIRO, Manhattan Institute, New York, NY.

JEREMY CHARLES MARWELL, Vinson & Elkins LLP, Washington, DC, for amicus curiae Chamber of Commerce Case: 21-1849 Document: 95 Page: 3 Filed: 06/16/2023

IDEKER FARMS, INC. v. US 3

of the United States of America.

JAY R. CARSON, Wegman Hessler, Cleveland, OH, for amicus curiae Buckeye Institute. ______________________

Before MOORE, Chief Judge, PROST and TARANTO, Circuit Judges. MOORE, Chief Judge. Plaintiffs brought this action against the United States under the Fifth Amendment seeking compensation for the Army Corps of Engineers’ (Corps) alleged taking of their farmlands and personal property by permanent, recurring flooding. The Court of Federal Claims determined there was a taking and entered judgment awarding compensa- tion for the diminished value of the land but rejected dam- ages claims for lost crops. The Government appeals the trial court’s determination that a taking occurred. Plain- tiffs cross-appeal the denial of compensation for lost crops. For the reasons discussed below, we affirm in part, vacate in part, and remand for proceedings consistent with this opinion. BACKGROUND A. The Missouri River The Missouri River (River) spans over 2,300 miles. It b