United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit ______________________

CANADIAN SOLAR, INC., CANADIAN SOLAR INTERNATIONAL LIMITED, CANADIAN SOLAR MANUFACTURING (LUOYANG), INC., CANADIAN SOLAR MANUFACTURING (CHANGSHU), INC., CSI CELLS CO., LTD., CSI SOLAR POWER (CHINA) INC., CSI SOLARTRONICS (CHANGSHU) CO., LTD., CSI SOLAR TECHNOLOGIES INC., CSI SOLAR MANUFACTURE INC., CSI NEW ENERGY HOLDING CO., LTD., CSI-GCL SOLAR MANUFACTURING (YANCHENG) CO., LTD., CHANGSHU TEGU NEW MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD., CHANGSHU TLIAN CO., LTD., SUZHOU SANYSOLAR MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD., CANADIAN SOLAR (USA), INC., Plaintiffs-Appellants

SUMEC HARDWARE & TOOLS CO., LTD., CHANGZHOU TRINA SOLAR ENERGY CO., LTD., TRINA SOLAR (CHANGZHOU) SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD., YANCHENG TRINA SOLAR ENERGY TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD., CHANGZHOU TRINA SOLAR YABANG ENERGY CO., LTD., TURPAN TRINA SOLAR ENERGY CO., LTD., HUBEI TRINA SOLAR ENERGY CO., LTD., CHANGZHOU TRINA PV RIBBON MATERIALS CO., LTD., Plaintiffs

v.

UNITED STATES, Case: 21-1434 Document: 42 Page: 2 Filed: 01/28/2022

2 CANADIAN SOLAR, INC. v. US

Defendant-Appellee

SOLARWORLD AMERICAS, INC., Defendant ______________________

2021-1434 ______________________

Appeal from the United States Court of International Trade in Nos. 1:18-cv-00184-JAR, 1:18-cv-00185-JAR, 1:18-cv-00186-JAR, 1:18-cv-00187-JAR, Senior Judge Jane A. Restani. ______________________

Decided: January 28, 2022 ______________________

SARAH WYSS, Mowry & Grimson, PLLC, Washington, DC, argued for plaintiffs-appellants. Also represented by BRYAN CENKO, JILL CRAMER, JEFFREY S. GRIMSON, WENHUI JI, KRISTIN HEIM MOWRY.

JUSTIN REINHART MILLER, International Trade Field Office, Civil Division, United States Department of Justice, New York, NY, argued for defendant-appellee. Also repre- sented by BRIAN M. BOYNTON, JEANNE DAVIDSON, TARA K. HOGAN; PAUL KEITH, Office of the Chief Counsel for Trade Enforcement & Compliance, United States Department of Commerce, Washington, DC. ______________________

Before MOORE, Chief Judge, CLEVENGER and CHEN, Circuit Judges. CHEN, Circuit Judge. Case: 21-1434 Document: 42 Page: 3 Filed: 01/28/2022

CANADIAN SOLAR, INC. v. US 3

Appellants Canadian Solar, Inc. et al. 1 (collectively, Ca- nadian Solar) are producers and exporters of certain crys- talline silicon photovoltaic cells. These photovoltaic cells were imported into the United States from the People’s Re- public of China, and the United States Department of Com- merce (Commerce), after an investigation, issued an order imposing a duty to counteract subsidies Canadian Solar re- ceived from the government of China. During its fourth administrative review of that coun- tervailing duty order, Commerce determined on remand that Canadian Solar received regionally specific electricity subsidies subject to countervailing duties under 19 U.S.C. § 1677(5A)(D)(iv). Final Results of Redetermination Pur- suant to Court Remand at 14–19, Canadian Solar Inc. v. United States, No. 18-00184 (Ct. Int’l Trade June 26, 2020), ECF No. 95-1 (Remand Redetermination). To reach this conclusion, Commerce identified electricity price variation across the different provinces and applied adverse facts available—due to the central government of China’s failure to cooperate in Commerce’s investigation—to conclude that the central government sets variable electricity pricing that is region-specific for de