High Court of Punjab & Haryana Upholds S.138 NI Act Conviction: Cheque for Security Still Attracts Liability if Debt Exists on Encashment Date - 2025-05-26

High Court Upholds Conviction in Cheque Dishonour Case, Clarifies Liability for Security Cheques

Chandigarh : The High Court of Punjab and Haryana, in a significant ruling, has dismissed a criminal revision petition filed by Tilak Raj , thereby upholding his conviction and sentence under Section 138 of the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881, for the dishonour of a cheque. Justice Mohammad Waseem Ansari , in the judgment dated July 8, 2014, reiterated that a cheque issued as security can indeed attract penal provisions if a legally enforceable debt or liability exists at the time of its encashment.

Case Background

The dispute originated from a failed land sale agreement. Charanjit Singh (complainant) alleged that Tilak Raj (accused) had agreed to sell 100 Biswas of land, partly owned by him and partly by one Panna Gir . An earnest money of Rs. 10 lakhs was reportedly paid by the complainant. When the accused failed to facilitate the transfer of the entire parcel of land, he allegedly issued a cheque for Rs. 2,70,000/- to the complainant towards repayment of the earnest money concerning the portion of land not transferred. This cheque was subsequently dishonoured by the bank due to "insufficient funds" on December 20, 2007.

The Judicial Magistrate First Class, Patiala, had convicted Tilak Raj on July 18, 2012, sentencing him to two years of simple imprisonment and a fine of Rs. 10,000. This decision was subsequently upheld by the Additional Sessions Judge, Patiala, on July 8, 2013, leading to the present revision petition before the High Court.

Arguments Presented

The petitioner, Tilak Raj , contended before the High Court that the findings of the lower courts were unsustainable. He argued that no legally valid agreement to sell was executed, he was not the complete owner of the land in question, and the cheque, if issued, was merely for security and not towards any existing legally enforceable debt or liability. He also claimed that the documents were forged and the cheque was forcibly taken at a police station.

The respondent, Charanjit Singh , maintained that the cheque was issued to discharge the liability arising from the accused's failure to fulfill the land sale agreement, specifically concerning the return of earnest money for the portion of land that could not be transferred.

Court's Analysis and Reasoning

The High Court, presided over by Justice Mohammad Waseem Ansari , began by underscoring the limited scope of its revisional jurisdiction. Citing precedents like Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Samiti v. Union of India , the Court noted, "The well accepted norm is that a revisional jurisdiction of higher Court is a very limited one and cannot be exercised in a routine manner and it should not lead to injustice."

Presumptions under the Negotiable Instruments Act: The Court heavily relied on the statutory presumptions under the NI Act. Section 118(a) presumes that a negotiable instrument is made for consideration, and Section 139 presumes that the holder of a cheque received it for the discharge of any debt or other liability. The onus to rebut these presumptions, the Court stated, lies on the accused, who must demonstrate a probable defense based on a preponderance of probabilities, as established in cases like K.N. Beena v. Muniyappan and Rangappa v. Sri Mohan .

The "Security Cheque" Argument: A key aspect of the petitioner's defense was that the cheque was issued as "security." The High Court, however, found this argument insufficient to escape liability under Section 138. Referencing I.C.D.S. Ltd. v. Beena Shabeer , the judgment clarified: "It is a settled proposition of law that even if the cheque is issued as a security, Section 138 of the Act would be attracted in case on the date of encashment of the said cheque, legally enforceable debt or liability subsists."

The Court reasoned that even if the cheque was initially intended as security, the accused's failure to ensure the execution of the sale deed for the 90 Biswas of land (owned by Panna Gir ) meant that the earnest money advanced for that portion became a legally recoverable debt owed to the complainant. Thus, when the cheque was presented, a legally enforceable liability existed. The Court observed, "By taking the plea that the cheque was a security cheque, the accused acknowledged his liability that the cheque holder might use the security as an alternative mode for discharge of his liability."

Failure to Rebut Presumption: The petitioner did not deny his signatures on the dishonoured cheque. The Court found that Tilak Raj failed to discharge the heavy burden placed upon him to disprove the cheque or the existence of a legally recoverable debt or liability. His contradictory stances – denying cheque issuance in his S.313 Cr.P.C. statement versus suggesting it was a security cheque during cross-examination – further weakened his defense.

The Verdict

Finding no perversity or illegality in the concurrent findings of the trial court and the appellate court, the High Court dismissed the revision petition. The conviction of Tilak Raj under Section 138 of the NI Act and the imposed sentence were upheld. The trial court records were ordered to be sent back to ensure the petitioner undergoes the remaining part of his sentence.

The Court concluded, "Since the factum of issuance of cheque as well as the signatures on the same had not been denied by the petitioner, therefore, the presumption under Section 139 of the Act would automatically come into being. The burden lied heavily upon the petitioner to disprove the cheque or existence of any legally recoverable debt or liability, which he has failed to discharge."