Litigant's Diligence Sufficient Cause for Delay Condonation Under S.5 Limitation Act Despite Counsel's Misleading Affidavit: High Court - 2025-05-06

Court Condones 105-Day Appeal Delay, Citing Litigant's Diligence Over Counsel's Misconduct

Prayagraj : A High Court bench has ruled that a litigant who acts diligently should not be penalized for delays caused by their counsel's inaction or misleading statements, even if those statements were initially presented in a sworn affidavit by the litigant. The Court condoned a 105-day delay in filing a special appeal, emphasizing the appellant's timely efforts over her former counsel's admitted lapse and fabricated excuse.

Case Background

The matter arose from Testamentary Suit No. 4 of 1985. Dr. Madhu Dixit (Appellant No. 2) sought to appeal an order dated July 31, 2023, which dismissed her application to be transposed as a plaintiff in place of the Administrator General. However, the special appeal challenging this order was filed 105 days beyond the limitation period.

Dr. Dixit filed an application under Section 5 of the Limitation Act seeking condonation of this delay.

Arguments Presented

Appellant's Initial Plea: The initial delay condonation application, filed on December 18, 2023, through her then-counsel, attributed the delay to the counsel's circumstances. It claimed the appeal was ready by August 31, 2023, but couldn't be filed due to the counsel attending to an ailing relative in his village from September 2nd to October 28th, following a Bar Council work abstention call. The affidavit stated the counsel simply forgot about the prepared appeal until December 14th, filing it the next day. Dr. Dixit 's affidavit supporting this application indicated these details were based on information from her counsel.

Respondents' Opposition: Respondents strongly contested the application, arguing the counsel's story of absence was false. They provided court orders showing the counsel's presence and appearances before various High Court benches during the period he claimed to be away. They argued the appellant approached the court with "unclean hands" due to the false affidavit and, being an educated person, should have ensured timely filing. They asserted the principle that a principal (client) is bound by the acts of their agent (advocate).

Appellant's Revised Stance: After the respondents exposed the falsity of the initial reasons, Dr. Dixit , through new counsel, filed another affidavit on April 1, 2024. She detailed her actions: visiting Prayagraj for formalities on August 16th and 30th, signing the appeal and affidavit on August 31st, and being assured by her previous counsel that it would be filed. She stated she later discovered the appeal wasn't filed and her previous counsel provided misleading information. She reiterated that she had done everything required in a timely manner and should not suffer due to her former counsel's fault.

Court's Analysis and Findings

The Court meticulously examined the evidence and arguments:

Appeal Readiness: The Court noted that the special appeal documents (index, synopsis, affidavits, etc.) were indeed dated August 31, 2023, and Dr. Dixit 's photo verification was done on August 30, 2023. This corroborated her claim that the appeal was ready within the limitation period.

Counsel's Misconduct: The Court found the initial story about the ailing relative and the counsel's absence to be "factually incorrect," proven by the court orders submitted by the respondents. It concluded the story was "made up" by the previous counsel "apparently... to cover up the lapses on his part in not filing the appeal in time."

Appellant's Diligence: The Court observed: "From the above facts, it is more than apparent that insofar as the appellant is concerned, she has acted as a prudent person in approaching the counsel, getting the appeal prepared in time and in relying on the counsel that needful regarding the filing... would be done by the counsel."

"Unclean Hands" Argument Rejected: The Court held that the appellant initially believed her counsel's version for the delay and acted prudently. Once the truth emerged, she took corrective steps (new affidavit, new counsel). Therefore, it couldn't be said she approached the court with unclean hands. "As the counsel for whatever reason chose not to file the same and/or genuinely forgot to file the appeal, the litigant cannot be made to suffer on account of conduct/inaction of the counsel."

Aadhar Card Issue: The Court dismissed the respondents' contention regarding two Aadhar cards with different addresses ( Padrauna and Varanasi ) as irrelevant, noting the appellant's explanation of address change.

Legal Principles Applied

The Court acknowledged the established principle, supported by precedents like Rafiq v. Munshilal and Smt. Lachi Tewari v. Director of Land Records , that a client generally shouldn't be punished for their counsel's negligence. While acknowledging counter-precedents cited by respondents ( Salil Dutta v. T.M. and M.C. Private Ltd. ) suggesting a client cannot always escape the consequences of their counsel's actions, the Court distinguished the present case based on the appellant's demonstrated diligence.

The Court concluded: "...it has been established as a fact that the memo of appeal was ready on 31.08.2023 and the counsel got prepared the affidavit seeking condonation of delay with incorrect facts essentially to cover up the lapses on his part... it cannot be said that the appellant was in any manner negligent so as to disentitle her to seek condonation of delay."

Final Decision

Finding sufficient cause demonstrated by the appellant, the Court allowed the application under Section 5 of the Limitation Act and condoned the 105-day delay in filing the special appeal. The appeal is now set to be listed for further hearing on July 23, 2024.