One-Off Debt Assignment Not An 'Ordinary Transaction' To Qualify As 'Commercial Dispute' Under S.2(1)(c)(i) Commercial Courts Act: Bombay High Court - 2025-06-23

Bombay High Court: Singular Debt Assignment by Leasing Firm Not an "Ordinary Transaction" for Commercial Court Jurisdiction

Mumbai, India – The Bombay High Court, in a significant ruling, has clarified that a one-off transaction of debt assignment by a company primarily engaged in leasing services does not constitute an "ordinary transaction of a financier or trader" so as to classify a dispute arising from it as a "commercial dispute" under Section 2(1)(c)(i) of the Commercial Courts Act, 2015. Justice AbhayAhuja , presiding over the matter of Varanium Cloud Limited v. Rolta Private Limited and Anr. (2024:BHC-OS:18344), dismissed an application by Varanium Cloud Limited seeking the transfer of an Rs. 800 crore summary suit to the Commercial Division of the High Court.

The Court also imposed exemplary costs of Rs. 5 lakhs on the defendants, Varanium Cloud Limited , for what it deemed dilatory tactics aimed at delaying the summary suit.

Case Background

The dispute arose from an agreement dated 7th July 2023, wherein Varanium Cloud Limited (Defendant No.1) agreed to acquire Plaintiff No.1's (Rolta Private Limited) secured financial debt in Rolta India Limited for Rs. 800 Crores. Rolta Private Limited, whose primary business is providing leasing services, filed a summary suit to recover this amount with interest when Varanium Cloud allegedly failed to make the payment.

Varanium Cloud Limited filed an Interim Application (L) No. 6341 of 2024, seeking the return of the plaint under Order VII Rule 10 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908. They argued that the dispute was a "commercial dispute" of a specified value (over Rs. 3 lakhs) and thus, should have been instituted as a Commercial Summary Suit before the Commercial Division of the High Court, not as an Ordinary Summary Suit.

Arguments Presented

Varanium Cloud Limited (Applicant/Defendant No.1) , represented by Mr. Hrushi Narvekar , contended that: * Rolta Private Limited (Plaintiff No.1) acted as a financier by advancing a loan to Rolta India Limited and then as a trader/financier by seeking to assign this debt to Varanium Cloud . * This transaction falls within the definition of a "commercial dispute" under Section 2(1)(c)(i) of the Commercial Courts Act, which covers "Ordinary transactions of merchants, bankers, financiers and traders". * The terms "financier" and "trader" should be interpreted expansively, and the transaction was for purely commercial purposes. * They cited precedents like State of Mysore Vs. T. V. Sundaram Iyengar and Ambalal Sarabhai Enterprises Ltd. Vs. K. S. Infraspace LLP & Anr. to support an expansive interpretation.

Rolta Private Limited (Plaintiff) , represented by Mr. Ankit Lohia , countered that: * The application was a dilatory tactic. * Plaintiff No.1's ordinary business is leasing services, not financing or trading, as evidenced by its Memorandum of Association. * The assignment of debt was a singular, isolated transaction, not part of its normal business activities. * Therefore, the dispute did not arise from an "ordinary transaction" of a financier or trader and was not a "commercial dispute" under the Act. * They relied on judgments such as Seksaria Biswan Sugar Factory Ltd. Vs. Commissioner of Income-Tax, Bombay and M/s Glasswood Realty Pvt. Ltd. Vs. Mrs. Chandravilas Kailashkumar Kothari .

High Court's Analysis and Rationale

Justice Ahuja meticulously examined whether the dispute fell under Section 2(1)(c)(i) of the Commercial Courts Act, which defines a commercial dispute as one arising out of "Ordinary transactions of merchants, bankers, financiers and traders..."

The Court observed that Plaintiff No.1's established business is providing leasing services. The core of the judgment rested on the interpretation of "ordinary transaction." The Court found that the singular act of assigning a debt did not make Rolta Private Limited a financier or trader in its ordinary course of business.

In Para 19, the Court stated:

"As noted above, the Plaintiff No.1 is in the business of providing leasing services and therefore, it cannot by any stretch of imagination be said that the Plaintiff No. 1 is ordinarily transacting as a merchant or as a banker or as a financier or a trader or ordinarily in such business."

The Court emphasized that even if a transaction could be deemed "commercial" in a general sense, it must specifically fit the enumerated categories in Section 2(1)(c) of the Act to be a "commercial dispute."

"In my view, just because the dispute arises purportedly out of a contract which has been referred to as a commercial contract for the purposes of levying interest... cannot be used to say that the dispute arising out of a purported breach of the said contract is a commercial dispute, even if the transaction is a commercial one in a general sense as the dispute to be a commercial dispute has to arise out of the specific items listed in Section 2(1)(c)(i) to (xiii), which is not the case here." (Para 21)

The Court drew support from:

* Seksaria Biswan Sugar Factory Ltd. , where a solitary act of lending by a sugar manufacturing company was not considered its ordinary business of money lending, despite its objects clause potentially allowing it.

* M/s Glasswood Realty Pvt. Ltd. (Bombay HC, Bharati Dangre , J.), which held that a solitary loan transaction might not qualify as an "ordinary transaction of a financier" and that only disputes arising from such ordinary transactions fall under the Commercial Courts Act.

* Ambalal Sarabhai Enterprises Ltd. (Supreme Court), which advocated for a strict interpretation of "commercial dispute" to ensure Commercial Courts are not burdened with suits not genuinely commercial in nature, thereby preserving the Act's objective of speedy disposal of high-value commercial disputes. Justice Ahuja quoted the Supreme Court: > "The object shall be fulfilled only if the provisions of the Act are interpreted in a narrow sense and not hampered by the usual procedural delays plaguing our traditional legal system." (Para 26, quoting Ambalal Sarabhai )

The Court distinguished the defendants' reliance on cases advocating for an expansive interpretation of terms like "arising out of," stating that even with a liberal view, the plaintiff's activity did not meet the "ordinary transaction" criterion for a financier or trader.

Final Decision and Implications

The High Court rejected Varanium Cloud 's Interim Application (L) No. 6341 of 2024 for the return of the plaint. Consequently, another application by the defendants, Interim Application (L) No. 3102 of 2024, which sought dismissal of the suit for alleged non-compliance with Section 12A of the Commercial Courts Act (mandatory pre-suit mediation), was also rejected, as this provision applies only if the suit is a commercial suit.

Justice Ahuja noted the unusual nature of the defendant's plea:

"It is also quite surprising and rather curious that the Defendants should endeavour to persuade a Court that the Summary Suit be registered as a Commercial Summary Suit as that ordinarily and usually should be the concern of a Plaintiff who is interested in adjudication of its cases in a fast track manner..." (Para 29)

Finding the defendants' actions to be aimed at delaying the suit, the Court concluded:

"Keeping in mind the objectives of the summary procedure under Order XXXVII of the CPC... I am of the view that the whole endeavour by the Defendants is to delay the progress of the Summary Suit... Therefore, I also propose to impose exemplary costs of Rs. 5 lacs to be paid by the Defendants..." (Para 30)

This judgment, pronounced on November 11, 2024, reinforces the principle that for a dispute to be tried by a Commercial Court, it must strictly fall within the statutory definition of a "commercial dispute," with particular emphasis on the "ordinary" nature of the transaction if relying on Section 2(1)(c)(i). Isolated transactions outside a party's regular business activities, even if financially significant, may not meet this threshold.