AI Overview...
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Quantifiable Data Collection - The collection of quantifiable data (such as cadre-wise representation, backwardness, inadequacy, and social backwardness) is essential for implementing reservation policies, especially in promotions and classification of backward classes. Courts have emphasized that empirical and measurable data underpin the justification for reservations in promotion and other affirmative actions Jarnail Singh VS Lachhmi Narain Gupta - Supreme Court, Equality, Forum VS State of Assam - Gauhati, B. K Pavitra VS Union of India - Supreme Court, K. Raja Assistant Engineer (Highways) Construction & Maintenance Wing Perundurai Section Perundurai VS Additional Chief Secretary to Government, Highways and Minor Ports Department, Chennai - Madras, Madras Bar Association VS Union of India - Supreme Court.
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Reservation in Promotions - The Supreme Court has upheld the necessity of collecting quantifiable data before making reservations in promotions, asserting that such data demonstrates backwardness and inadequate representation. Reservation policies cannot be based solely on subjective criteria but require objective, data-driven evidence Jarnail Singh VS Lachhmi Narain Gupta - Supreme Court, B. K Pavitra VS Union of India - Supreme Court, Madras Bar Association VS Union of India - Supreme Court.
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Sub-classification and Internal Reservation - Courts have permitted sub-classification within backward classes when justified by empirical data, allowing for nuanced affirmative action measures. However, prior judgments that disallowed sub-classification have been overruled, emphasizing the importance of data for such distinctions State of Punjab VS Davinder Singh - Supreme Court.
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Legal and Constitutional Framework - Articles 15 and 16 of the Constitution mandate that reservations be based on objective criteria, including quantifiable data, to ensure fairness and constitutional validity. The collection of such data aligns with the principles of equality and non-discrimination Janhit Abhiyan VS Union Of India - Supreme Court, K. Raja Assistant Engineer (Highways) Construction & Maintenance Wing Perundurai Section Perundurai VS Additional Chief Secretary to Government, Highways and Minor Ports Department, Chennai - Madras.
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Limitations and Objectivity - While reservations are constitutionally permissible, they must adhere to principles of objectivity, time-bound measures (such as sunset clauses), and avoid micro-classifications that lack empirical support. The use of quantifiable data ensures transparency and prevents arbitrary classification Subhash Chandra VS Delhi Subordinate Services Selection Board - Supreme Court.
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Implementation and Evidence - Effective implementation of reservation policies in promotions and classifications depends on the availability of reliable, quantifiable evidence demonstrating backwardness or inadequate representation. Courts have recognized that empirical data underpins the legitimacy of affirmative action measures, including in post-retirement or promotion contexts Equality, Forum VS State of Assam - Gauhati, Madras Bar Association VS Union of India - Supreme Court.
Analysis and Conclusion
The sources collectively highlight that making classifications and reservations through amendments or policies must be supported by objective, quantifiable data. This data serves as evidence to justify affirmative actions, especially in promotions and sub-classifications, ensuring compliance with constitutional mandates under Articles 15 and 16. Courts have reinforced that empirical evidence of backwardness and inadequate representation is critical for the legality and fairness of reservation policies, thereby emphasizing the importance of quantifiable data in making such classifications evidence-based and justifiable.
Search Results for "While Making Classifications by Way of Amnedment Quantifiable Data to be Evidence Show in Retirement"
2022 2 Supreme 714 • India - Supreme Court
L. NAGESWARA RAO, SANJIV KHANNA, B. R. GAVAI
– Unit for the purpose of collection of data is a cadre – For the purpose of collection of quantifiable data for providing reservation ... – However, for the purpose of collection of quantifiable data to assess representation of SCs and STs for the purpose of providing ... 14 and 16) (B) Constitution of India – Article 16(4) – Reservation in matter of promotion – Collection of quantifiable ... As making the principles laid down in M. ... Supreme Court in Mapp (supra) ....
2015 0 Supreme(Gau) 1062 • India - Gauhati
UJJAL BHUYAN
Nagaraj (supra), implementation of the scheme of reservation in promotion and collection of quantifiable data for the same to form ... of Plains Tribes and Backward Classes Department issued notification appointing as the One-Man-Commission to study and acquire quantifiable ... terms of reference – One-Man-Commission was requested to submit report expeditiously for examination by the Government and for taking ... In view of availability of quantifiable data which justifies ma....
2019 0 Supreme(SC) 569 • India - Supreme Court
UDAY UMESH LALIT, D.Y.CHANDRACHUD
State, may but, not bound to provide for reservation to SC/ST in promotional cadres - Such reservations may be made on basis of quantifiable ... nbsp;(m) Constitution of India - Article 335, Proviso - Claims of SCs and STs in making ... (Para 103) ... (k) Service jurisprudence - Cadre - Challenge to data ... …If the State has quantifiable data to show backwardness and inadequacy then the State can make reservations in promotions keeping in mind maintenance of efficiency which is held t....
2024 0 Supreme(SC) 615 • India - Supreme Court
D. Y. CHANDRACHUD, MANOJ MISRA, B. R. GAVAI, VIKRAM NATH, BELA M. TRIVEDI, PANKAJ MITHAL, SATISH CHANDRA SHARMA
It analyzes the permissibility of sub-classification under Article 14, considering the contours of Article 14 and the limits of sub-classification ... The court overrules the prior judgment that held sub-classification impermissible. ... The court overrules the prior judgment that held sub-classification impermissible. ... , or requirement for collecting quantifiable data etc. by the State for sub-classification, are not required to be addressed. ... Hence, ....
2018 0 Supreme(Del) 3126 • India - Delhi
PRATHIBA M.SINGH
... Summary of Evidence ... 8. In the suit, the Plaintiff filed his evidence by way of affidavit and gave a detailed account of the day of the incident. ... A perusal of the evidence reveals that there has been a gross breach of duty by the Railways. ... The Railways on its behalf filed the evidence of Mr. Chandrika Prasad, who was the deputy CCM (West) NDCR Building, Northern Railway, New Delhi as DW1. The crux of his evidence was that the Plaintiff ought not to have boarded a crowded....
2008 5 Supreme 513 • India - Supreme Court
B.N.AGARWAL, G.S.SINGHVI
(h)Service Law – Reservation – Reservation can be made not only at the stage of initial appointment, but also while making ... of the existing posts and in view of the law laid down by the Supreme Court, the policy of reservation cannot be applied while making ... Rajiv Dhawan, learned senior counsel appearing for some of the respondents, made strenuous efforts to convince us that the policy of reservation cannot be applied at the stage of making promotions because the Railway Administration did not produce any evidence ....
2022 0 Supreme(SC) 1135 • India - Supreme Court
UDAY UMESH LALIT, DINESH MAHESHWARI, S. RAVINDRA BHAT, BELA M. TRIVEDI, J. B. PARDIWALA
method of identification and ways of determination of backward classes and also ascertain whether criteria adopted or applied for classification ... provisions in respect of reservations and representations provided in Articles 15 and Article 16 of Constitution, it could be a way ... essentially for the reason that provisions contained in Articles 15 and 16 of the Constitution of India, providing for reservation by way ... While it prohibits certain classifications, it expressly requires making of certa....
2019 0 Supreme(Mad) 2200 • India - Madras
M.M.SUNDRESH, RMT.TEEKAA RAMAN
However, as there is no fundamental right involved for reservation, it has to be backed up with empirical data and material. More such extent of quantifiable data is required for a special reservation, viz., horizontal and internal. ... So long as the existence of inadequate representation supported by empirical and quantifiable data and material in vogue, it is well open to the State to have reservation in selection to bring forth social justice. ... Thus, it is also a view of the Apex Court that whene....
2025 0 Supreme(SC) 1947 • India - Supreme Court
B. R. GAVAI, K. VINOD CHANDRAN
Union of India and Others , (2006) 8 SCC 212 where the Court upheld the constitutional amendments enabling reservation in promotions but simultaneously laid down mandatory preconditions, such as the collection of quantifiable data on backwardness, inadequacy of representation, and administrative ... Further the said term of three years with the retirement age of 65 years is perceived as having been tailor-made for persons who have retired or shortly to retire and encourages these Tribunals to be treated as post-retirement#HL_END....
2009 0 Supreme(SC) 1400 • India - Supreme Court
CYRIAC JOSEPH, S.B.SINHA
by way of micro classification is not permissible. ... ... Objectivity, both in terms of quantifiable data and the intended objective, and time bound prescriptions, (preferably with a sunset clause) are two measures which shall keep the State in good stead while discharging the burden under the protective discrimination mandate. ... ... Article 246 of the Constitution will, thus, have no application where law making power is not resorted to. Executive instructions contained in Article 77 and Article 1....
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