Delhi High Court Rules ED Must Strictly Follow PMLA Procedures For Retaining Seized Property - 2025-09-12

Delhi High Court Rules ED Must Strictly Follow PMLA Procedures For Retaining Seized Property

The High Court of Delhi has issued a significant ruling emphasizing that the Directorate of Enforcement must adhere strictly to statutory procedures when retaining property seized during investigations. In a judgment delivered by Justices Subramonium Prasad and Harish Vaidyanathan Shankar, the court underscored that the power to seize assets under the Prevention of Money Laundering Act , 2002 (PMLA), is subject to rigorous procedural safeguards that cannot be bypassed.

A Case of Disputed Procedure

The appeal arose from a challenge by the Directorate of Enforcement against an order of the Appellate Tribunal, which had set aside a decision by the Adjudicating Authority. The background of the case traces back to an investigation initiated following a complaint by the Serious Fraud Investigation Office regarding alleged money laundering by Surendra Kumar Jain and Virendra Jain. The respondent, a Chartered Accountant, was accused of acting as a mediator in these activities, leading to a search of his office at Jain Bhawan in New Delhi, where cash, digital devices, and documents were seized.

The legal dispute centered on whether the Directorate of Enforcement needed to follow the specific mechanisms outlined in Section 20 of the PMLA for retaining seized property, or if an application under Section 17 (4) was sufficient for indefinite retention.

The Tug-of-War Over Legal Interpretation

The Directorate of Enforcement argued that since the adjudication proceedings had commenced, the provisions of Section 20 became redundant. They contended that once an application is filed under Section 17 (4), the seized assets can be retained based on the investigation's needs, and procedural non-compliance should not invalidate the entire action.

Conversely, the respondent argued that the PMLA is a special Act requiring strict, literal compliance. He contended that Section 20 provides an essential mechanism—including the recording of reasons and immediate notification—that serves as a protection for individuals against arbitrary state action. The respondent asserted that failing to follow this procedure rendered the initial retention order "void ab initio."

Judicial Analysis: Safeguarding Constitutional Rights

The High Court conducted an exhaustive analysis of the statutory scheme, observing that the legislature intended for the PMLA to be a balanced mechanism of enforcement and protection. The bench clarified that the Adjudicating Authority does not possess absolute power to confirm retention without a valid, pre-existing, and reasoned order under Section 20 .

The court emphasized that the right to property, while not a fundamental right, remains a constitutional right under Article 300A, meaning the state must strictly follow the "legal pedigree" of its actions. The court noted that administrative convenience cannot override the mandatory procedural steps designed to prevent the abuse of state power.

Key Observations

The judgment features several critical observations regarding the sanctity of the legal process:

• "The procedure as has been statutorily prescribed has not been complied with, making the continued retention bad in law."
• "In our view, the Statute does not provide for any such route wherein the provisions of Section 17 (4) can be directly resorted to... effectively translates into a short-cut, bypassing, what we believe is the express mandate of the Statute."
• "It is a settled legal proposition that if an order is bad in its inception, it does not get sanctified at a later stage."
• "The architecture of the PMLA is designed to strike a delicate balance between empowering enforcement agencies and protecting individual rights."

Impact and Decision

The High Court upheld the decision of the Appellate Tribunal, ruling that the Adjudicating Authority’s initial order was legally unsustainable due to its lack of substantive reasoning. This judgment serves as a stern reminder that investigative bodies must operate within the strict confines of the law. By affirming that procedural violations strike at the root of an order, the court has set a high bar for the Directorate of Enforcement, ensuring that any future detention of assets will require meticulous adherence to the PMLA’s statutory safeguards.