The term "rates of wages" in a reference to an Industrial Tribunal includes the concept of scales of wages, and the Tribunal has the authority to consider the question of introducing time scales of wages.

Judgment

DAS GUPTA, J. : The dispute in this appeal is on a question of revision of wages. The Reference to the Industrial Tribunal mentioned three matters as in dispute; but neither party having appealed against the award on the other two disputes we are concerned now with only the third dispute. This dispute after an amendment by a later notification is in these words:-

"Whether the existing rates of basic wages given to unskilled, semi-skilled, skilled and highly skilled workmen employed in this concern need any revision? If so, with what details and from which date?"

2. The workmen claimed that scales and grades of different categories of workers should be fixed. The Tribunal was however of opinion that the reference as made did not authorise it to fix any scales or grades of wages but that it related only to increase over the existing minimum wages. After considering the rival contentions as regards the minimum rates which should be fixed, it fixed daily rates for unskilled workers at 12 annas per head; and for semi-skilled workers at one rupee per head; for skilled workers it thought no revision was called for as regards their minimum daily rate. For monthly workers it fixed the minimum wage for unskilled workers at Rs. 25/-, for semi-skilled workers at Rs. 40/- and for skilled workers at Rs. 60/-. On a consideration of the evidence and on a result of personal inspection it came to the conclusion that there was no highly skilled worker employed in the concern. Accordingly it fixed no minimum wages for highly skilled workers. The workmen have appealed.

3. Five main contentions are raised before us in appeal. The first is that the Tribunal was wrong in thinking that the reference as made did not authorise it to fix time scales of wages. It is urged that under the reference as made it had fully authority to fix time scales wages for the different categories and that it should have done so. The second contention is that though the Tribunal rightly thought that the Wimco and Katha factories are comparable to the respondent concern, the Indian Turpentine and Rosin Co., Ltd., it had erred in thinking that this concern s position is slightly inferior to those factories and that this error coloured the fixation of the minimum rates. Thirdly it was contended that the minimum rates as fixed for certain workmen in the semi-skilled and skilled categories are lower than what they had admittedly been getting on the date of the reference. Fourthly it was contended that the Tribunal was wrong in thinking that there were no highly skilled workmen. Lastly it was contended that the new rates should have been made effective not from December 1, 1957, as ordered by the Tribunal but from an earlier date.

4. The question whether "rates of wages" includes the concept of scales of wages or not fell to be considered by this Court in Express Newspapers Ltd. v. Union of India, 1959 SCR 12. Answering the question in the affirmative it observed at p. 88 of the Report (of SCR).

" Rates of wages therefore mean the manner, mode or standard of the payments of remuneration for work done whether at the start or in the subsequent stages. Rates of wages would thus include the scales of wages and there is no antithesis between the two expressions, the expression being applicable both to the initial as well as subsequent amounts of wages. It is true that in references made to Industrial Tribunals fixing of scales of pay has been specifically mentioned, e. g., in the industrial dispute between certain banking companies and their workers. But that is not sufficient to exclude the "scales of wages" from being comprised within the larger connotation of the expression "rates of wages" which is capable to including the scales of wages also within its ambit. Even without the specific mention of the scales of wages it would be open to fix the same in an enquiry directed towards the fixation of the rates of wages."

5. In view of this authority Mr. Aggarwal, who appeared befo