Judgment

AYYANGAR, J. (for self, Gajendragadkar and Wanchoo, JJ.) : In compliance with our directions the two questions were forwarded to the Union Government and they submitted their answers to them in the following terms :

"Question No. (1)-Whether Pondicherry which was a former French Settlement is or is not at present comprised within the territory of India as specified in Article 1(3) of the Constitution by virtue of the Articles of the Merger Agreement dated October 21, 1954, between the Governments of India and France and other relevant agreements, arrangements, acts and conduct of the two Governments.

Answer-The French Settlement (Establishment) of Pondicherry is at present not comprised within the territory of India as specified in clause (3) of Article 1 of the Constitution by virtue of the Agreement dated the 21st October, 1954, made between the Government of France and the Government of India or by any other agreement or arrangement. By the aforesaid Agreement, dated the 21st October, 1954, the Government of France transferred, and the Government of India took over, administration of the territory of all the French Establishments in India, including Pondicherry, with effect from the 1st November, 1954. A copy of the Agreement is enclosed. This is expressed to be a de facto transfer and was intended to be followed up by a de jure transfer. A Treaty of Cession providing for de jure transfer has been signed by the Government of France and the Government of India on the 28th May, 1956, but has not been so far ratified in accordance with the French Law as well as in accordance with the Article 31of the Treaty. A copy of the Treaty is also enclosed. The Government of India has been administering Pondicherry under the Foreign Jurisdiction Act. 1947, on the basis that it is outside India and does not form part of the territory of India.

Question No. (2) - If the answer to Question 1 is that Pondicherry is not within the territory of India, what is the extent of the jurisdiction exercised by the Union Government over the said territory and whether it extends to making all and every arrangement for its civil administration, its defence and in regard to its foreign affairs. The Government of India might also state the extent of jurisdiction which France possesses over the area and which operates as a diminution of the jurisdiction ceded to or enjoyed by the Government of India.

Answer- The Government of India has been exercising full jurisdiction over Pondicherry in executive, legislative and judicial matters in accordance with Foreign jurisdiction Act. 1947. In doing so it has followed the aforesaid Agreement. The Government of France has not also exercised any executive, legislative or judicial authority since the said Agreement.

The jurisdiction of the Government of India over Pondicherry extends to making all arrangements for its civil administration. The administration of the territory is being carried on under the Foreign Jurisdiction Act. 1947, and in accordance with the French Establishments (Administration) Order, 1954, and other orders made under Sections 3 and 4 of that Act. The Government of India have been aiming at conducting the administration of Pondicherry so as to conform to the pattern of administration obtaining in India consistent with the said Agreement. Accordingly a large number of Acts in force in India have already been extended to Pondicherry.

The Government of India hold the view that the sole responsibility in regard to arrangements for the defence of Pondicherry devolves on themselves.

Pondicherry has no foreign relations of its own. No claims have been made by the Government of France in this matter nor have the Government of India recognised the existence of any such claim.

The Government of France do not possess any de facto jurisdiction over Pondicherry which would imply any diminution of the jurisdiction exercised by the Government of India".

2. The appeals and the writ petitions were thereafter poste