HIDAYATULLAH, C.J.I.

(1) THESE six appeals by certificate under Article 132(1) of the Constitution are filed against the decision of the High court of Mysore, declaring that Parliament had no power to legislate with respect to taxes on gift of lands and buildings. The High court passed a detailed judgment on two of the petitions by which the competence of Parliament was challenged and followed its own decision in the other four cases. It is not necessary to give the facts of the six petitions in the High court. As illustrative of the facts involved we may mention W. P. No. 1077 of 1959. In that case a certain D. H. Nazareth, owner of a coffee plantation, made a gift by registered deed, 22/01/1958, of a coffee plantation and other properties in favour of his four sons. The market-value of the property was Rs. 3,74,080.00 and the coffee plantation accounted for Rs. 3,24,700.00. Gift tax of Rs. 35,612.00 was demanded. If the coffee plantation was left out of consideration the tax was liable tb be reduced by Rs. 34,036.00. The authority to charge gift tax on the gift of the coffee plantation was challenged and the right of Parliament to impose a gift tax on lands and buildings questioned. In some of the other cases agricultural or paddy lands or buildings were the subjects of gifts and they were similarly taxed and the tax questioned.

(2) THE High court held that Entry 49 of the State List, read with Entry 18 of the same list reserved the power to tax lands and buildings to the Legislature of the States and Parliament could not, therefore, use the residuary power conferred by Entry 97 of the Union List. This decision is challenged before us.

(3) THE Gift Tax Act was passed in 1958 and subjected gifts made in the year ending 31/03/1958 to tax. The Act contained the usual exempted limits and other exemptions. We need not concern ourselves with them here. We are only concerned with the validity of Parliamentary legislation imposing gift tax at all.

(4) TO consider the objection to the Gift Tax Act which was sustained by the High court a few general principles may be borne in mind. Under Article 245 Parliament makes laws for the whole or any part of the territory of India and the Legislatures of the States for the whole or part of their respective States. The subject-matter of laws are set out in three lists in the Seventh , Schedule. List I (usually referred to as the Union List) enumerates topics of legislation in respect to which Parliament has exclusive power to make laws and List II (usually referred to as the State List) enumerates topics of legislation in respect to which the State Legislatures have exclusive power to make laws. List III (usually referred to as the Concurrent List) contains topics in respect to which both Parliament and Legislature of a State have power to make laws. Inconsistency between laws made by Parliament and those made by the Legislatures of the States, both acting under the Concurrent List, is resolved by making Parliamentary law to prevail over the law made bythe State Legislature. So long as the Parliamentary law continues, the State law remains inoperative but becomes operative once the Parliamentary law, throwing it into shadow, is removed. Then there is the declaration in Anicle 248 of the residuary powers of legislation. Parliament has exclusive power to make any law in respect to any matter not enumerated in the Concurrent List or State List and this power includes the power of making any law imposing a tax not mentioned in either of those lists. For this purpose) and to avoid any doubts, an entry has also been included in the Union List to the following effect :

"97. Any other matter not enumerated in List II or List III including any tax not mentioned in either of those lists."

(5) IT will, therefore, be seen that the sovereignty of Parliament and the Legislatures is a sovereignty of enumerated entries, but within the ambit of an entry, the exercise of p