SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
Kuldip Singh, S Saghir Ahmad
M. C. MEHTA, PETITIONER;
VERSUS
KAMAL NATH AND OTHERS, RESPONDENTS.
Writ Petition (C) No. 182 of 1996
decided on December 13, 1996.
Polluting industries - Remediation of damaged environment - Family has direct links with a private company, Motels Private Limited, which owns a resort - Span Resorts - for tourists in Valley - Problem is with another ambitious venture floated by same company - Club represents dream of having a house on bank of Beas in shadow of snow-chapped Zanskar Range - Club was built after encroaching upon 27-12 bighas of land, including substantial forest land - Land was later regularised and leased out to company - Regularisation was done when was Minister of Environment and Forests - Swollen Beas changed its course and engulfed Span Club and adjoining lawns, washing it away - For almost five months now, Span Resorts management has been moving bulldozers and earth-movers to turn course of Beas for a second time - Heavy earth-mover has been used to block flow of river just upstream - Bulldozers are creating a new channel to divert the river to at least one kilometre downstream - Tractor-trolleys move earth and boulders to shore up embankment surrounding Span Resorts for laying a lawn - According to Span Resorts management, entire reclaiming operation should be over by March 31 and is likely to cost over a crore of rupees – Held, Consequently polluting industries are absolutely liable to compensate for harm caused by them to villagers in affected area, to soil and to underground water and hence, they are bound to take all necessary measures to remove sludge and other pollutants lying in affected areas - Polluter Pays Principle as interpreted by this Court means that absolute liability for harm to environment extends not only to compensate victims of pollution but also cost of restoring environmental degradation - Remediation of the damaged environment is part of the process of Sustainable Development and as such polluter is liable to pay the cost to individual sufferers as well as the cost of reversing the damaged ecology - It is thus settled by this Court that one who pollutes environment must pay to reverse damage caused by his acts - Prior approval granted by Government of India, Ministry of Environment and Forest by the letter and the lease deed in favour of Motel are quashed - Lease granted to Motel by the said lease deed in respect of 27 bighas and 12 biswas of area, is cancelled and set aside - Government shall take over the area and restore it to its original-natural conditions - Motel shall show cause why pollution fine and damages be not imposed as directed by us - NEERI shall send its report - Writ petition is disposed of.
Based on the provided legal document, it is clear that the law recognizes the state as the trustee of all natural resources, including lakes, beels, rivers, forests, and other ecologically significant lands. The state has an affirmative duty to protect these resources in their natural state for the benefit of the public (!) . This duty includes ensuring that these resources are not diverted, encroached upon, or used in a manner that disrupts ecological balance or causes environmental degradation (!) .
Furthermore, even if leases or allotments have been previously granted for the use of such lands, these can be canceled or revoked if they are found to interfere with the ecological balance or violate the public trust. The law emphasizes that natural resources, being a gift of nature, should remain accessible for public use and enjoyment, and should not be privatized or exploited for private or commercial gains in a manner that harms the environment (!) . The prior approval or lease does not confer absolute rights that override the state’s responsibility to preserve ecological integrity; such leases can be annulled if they are in breach of the trust or cause environmental harm (!) .
In summary, the legal principles uphold that the state’s role as a trustee obligates it to protect natural resources from degradation. Any lease or allotment that compromises the ecological balance or results in environmental harm can be rescinded, and the resources must be restored to their natural state for the benefit of the public (!) (!) (!) .
JUDGMENT
KULDIP SINGH, J. - This Court took notice of the news item appearing in the Indian Express dated 25-2-1996 under the caption - "Kamal Nath dares the mighty Beas to keep his dreams afloat". The relevant part of the news item is as under :
"Kamal Naths family has direct links with a private company, Span Motels Private Limited, which owns a resort - Span Resorts - for tourists in Kullu-Manali Valley. The problem is with another ambitious venture floated by the same company - Span Club.
The club represents Kamal Natha dream of having a house on the bank of the Beas in the shadow of the snow-chapped Zanskar Range. The club was built after encroaching upon 27-12 bighas of land, including substantial forest land, in 1990. The land was later regularised and leased out to the company on 11-4-1994. The regularisation was done when Mr. Kamal Nath was Minister of Environment and Forests .... The swollen Beas changed its course and engulfed the Span Club and the adjoining lawns, washing it away.
For almost five months now, the Span Resorts management has been moving bulldozers and earth-movers to turn the course of the Beas for a second time.
The heavy earth-mover has been used to block the flow of the river just 500 metres upstream. The bulldozers are creating a new channel to divert the river to at least one kilometre downstream. The tractor-trolleys move earth and boulders to shore up the embankment surrounding Span Resorts for laying a lawn. According to the Span Resorts management, the entire reclaiming operation should be over by March 31 and is likely to cost over a crore of rupees.
Three private companies - one each from Chandigarh, Mandi and Kullu - have moved in one heavy earth-mover (hired at the rate of Rs. 2000 per hour), four earth-movers and four bulldozers (rates varying from Rs. 650 to Rs. 850 each per hour) and 35 tractor-trolleys. A security ring has been thrown all around. ... Another worrying thought is that of the river eating into the mountains, leading to landslides which are an occasional occurrence in this area. Last September, these caused floods in the Beas and property estimated to be worth Rs. 105 crores was destroyed .... Once they succeed in diverting the river, the Span management plans to go in for landscaping the reclaimed land. But as of today, they are not so sure. Even they confess the river may just return.
Mr. Kamal Nath was here for a short while two-three months ago. He came, saw what was going on and left. I suppose he knows what he is doing, says another executive.
The District Administration pleads helplessness. Rivers and forest land, officials point out, are not under their jurisdiction. Only the Kullu Conservator of Forests or the District Forest Officer can intervene in this case.
But who is going to bell the countrys former Environment and Forest Minister ?
Interestingly, a query faxed to Kamal Nath for his views on these developments fetched a reply from Mr. S. Mukerji, President of the Span Motels Private Limited.
Admitting that the Nath family had business interests in the company since 1981, he said, the company is managed by a team of professional managers and Mr. Kamal Nath is not involved in the management activity of the company.
The Board comprises professionals, some of whom are friends and relatives of the Nath family, Mr. Mukerji said. He expressed surprise that a reference had been made to Rangri and Chakki villagers since these villagers are at least 2/3 kilometres away and not even on the river side.
He said the Span Club was not for the exclusive use of any one individual. We would like to emphasize that we are only "restoring the river" to its original and natural course and are restoring our land and of those of neighbouring villagers similarly affected by the flood.
He maintained that Mr. Kamal Nath has definitely not been to Span Resorts in the last two moths and in fact, to the best of my knowledge, has not travelled to Kullu valley for quite some time now. ...
Login now and unlock free premium legal research
Login to SupremeToday AI and access free legal analysis, AI highlights, and smart tools.
Login
now!
India’s Legal research and Law Firm App, Download now!
Copyright © 2023 Vikas Info Solution Pvt Ltd. All Rights Reserved.