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2025 Supreme(SC) 1262

SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
J.B. PARDIWALA, K.V. VISWANATHAN, JJ.
Nilima Das Gupta (Deceased) Through Its Lrs. – Appellant
VERSUS
On The Death of Abdur Rouf His Legal Heirs & Ors. – Respondents
Civil Appeal No. 11074 of 2025 (@Petition for Special Leave to Appeal (C) No. 2365 of 2022)
Decided On : 19-08-2025

Advocates appeared:
For the Petitioner(s): Mr. Kaushik Choudhury, AOR Mr. Sumant Datt, Adv. Mr. Saksham Garg, Adv. Mr. Jyotirmoy Chatterjee, Adv.
For the Respondent(s): Mr. Durga Dutt, AOR Mr. Pradeep Yadav, Adv. Ms. Ravleen Kaur Kalsi, Adv. Mr. Pranab Prakash, AOR

IMPORTANT POINTS
(1) Competency of a person to testify as a witness is a condition precedent to admissibility and credibility of his evidence.
(2) In civil proceedings parties and their husbands and wives are competent witnesses.

Headnote:

Indian Evidence Act, 1872 – Sections 118 and 120 – Civil Procedure Code, 1908 – Section 100 – Competency to testify – Suit for declaration and injunction – Competency of a person to testify as a witness is a condition precedent to admissibility and credibility of his evidence – Under Section 118 all persons are competent to testify, unless court considers that by reason of tender years, extreme old age, disease, or infirmity, they are incapable of understanding questions put to them and of giving rational answers – Parties to suit and their husbands or wives are competent witnesses in all civil proceedings and in criminal proceedings against any person, husband or wife of such person is a competent witness, whether for or against – In civil proceedings parties and their husbands and wives are competent witnesses – Given requisite degree of intelligence to understand questions asked and to answer them in a rational manner, a party, or husband or wife of such party, is a competent witness – A husband is a competent witness for all purposes and he can be examined on question of non-access to his wife, with a view to determine legitimacy of a child born to his wife – In case in hand, son could not have deposed about facts which may be within personal knowledge of his mother – However, his evidence cannot be discarded in toto relying on Section 120 of Evidence Act – Impugned Judgment and Order passed by High Court set aside and matter remanded to High Court for fresh consideration of Regular Second Appeal. (Paras 19, 22, 24, 27 and 29)

Facts of the case:

Present appeal arises from the Judgment and Order passed by High Court dated 15-3-2021 in Regular Second Appeal No.35/2013 by which Second Appeal filed by original defendant No.3(Respondent Nos.1 to 4 – herein) (legal heirs of Defendant No.3) came to be allowed, thereby setting aside Judgment and Order passed by First Appellate Court in First appeal No.57/2011 allowing counter-claim of appellant-herein (original Defendant No.1).

Findings of Court:

This time High Court shall formulate substantial question of law in its Judgment and decide the same in accordance with law, more particularly keeping in mind what has been observed in this Order.

Result : Appeal disposed of.

Judgement Key Points

Key Points: - Competency to testify is a condition precedent to admissibility and credibility of evidence (!) . - All persons are competent to testify unless incapable of understanding questions and giving rational answers due to age, disease, or infirmity (!) (!) . - Parties to a suit and their husbands or wives are competent witnesses in all civil proceedings (!) (!) . - A husband is a competent witness for all purposes and can be examined on questions such as non-access to determine legitimacy of a child (!) . - Competency under Section 118 is the rule; incompetency is the exception (!) . - Section 120 specifically declares parties and their spouses competent witnesses in civil proceedings (!) (!) . - Evidence of a spouse or party cannot be wholly discarded solely based on Section 120 if relevant (!) . - The court must consider evidence of a spouse where admissible, without disregarding it solely due to relationship (!) . - Oral evidence of a spouse is not automatically excluded; it must be evaluated on its merits (!) . Important: Do not combine References; list each Reference separately, e.g. (!) (!)

What is the competency of a person to testify as a witness in civil proceedings?

What are the rights of parties and their spouses to testify in civil proceedings?

Can a party’s spouse testify on their behalf in civil proceedings?


Table of Content
1. procedural background of the case (Para 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 10)
2. competency of witnesses under indian evidence act (Para 11 , 26 , 27)
3. high court's reliance on section 120 (Para 12 , 13)
4. need for proper framing of substantial questions of law (Para 16 , 17 , 18)
5. remand for reconsideration by high court (Para 29 , 30 , 31)

ORDER

1. Leave granted.

2. This appeal arises from the Judgment and Order passed by the High Court dated 15-3-2021 in the Regular Second Appeal No.35/2013 by which the Second Appeal filed by the original defendant No.3(Respondent Nos.1 to 4 – herein) (the legal heirs of Defendant No.3) came to be allowed, thereby setting aside the Judgment and Order passed by the First Appellate Court in the First appeal No.57/2011 allowing the counter-claim of the appellant – herein (original Defendant No.1).

3. It appears from the materials on record that the original plaintiff (Respondent No.6 – herein) instituted Title Suit No.75/2017 and prayed for the following reliefs:-

    “(a) for a declaration that plaintiff is the owner of 1st schedule land and 3rd schedule land by purchase having land holder right, maliki right over the second schedule house.

    (b) for granting permanent injunction restraining the defendant not to dispossess the above named plaintiff from his bonafide land and house stated in the schedule 1 and 2 of the plaint and not to change nature and feature of the suit land and not to create any document in respect of the suit land.

    (c) for a declaration that the so called registered sale deed no. 477, dated 19.12.1965 and 4273 dated 25.11.1978 of the S.R. Office, Bhangabazar, Karimganj (Assam) are illegal, collusive without any transaction and hand over initio void and or took over possession, ab liable to be declared as cancelled and that a copy of the judgment and decree of this suit be sent to the office of the Sub Registrar, Bhangabazar to note in the volume book and other relevant records that the said so called deeds / documents as cancelled.

    (d) for cost of the suit that plaintiff is entitled to his named in respect of suit land in the settlement record.

    (f) for any other relief or reliefs to which the plaintiff deem fit and entitled.”

4. In the Title Suit referred to above, the appellant – herein (original Defendant No.1) filed counter-claim.

5. One another Counter-Claim was filed by the original Defendant No.3 (Respondent Nos.1 to 4 herein).

6. The Suit came to be dismissed.

7. The Counter-Claim filed by the appellant – herein also came to be dismissed, whereas the counter-claim filed by Defendant No.3 came to be allowed.

8. Being dissatisfied with the Judgment and Order passed by the Trial Court, the appellant – herein preferred First Appeal No.57/2010 (Annexure 12). The First Appeal came to be allowed and the counter-claim of the appellant – herein was decreed.

9. In the counter-claim the appellant - herein had prayed for the following reliefs:-

    “(i) For declaration that counter claimant / defendant has her right, title and interest over the land described in Schedule I & II below of the Counter Claim by purchase.

    (ii) For cancellation of deed no. 160 dt. 24-01- 2007 the same as ab initio void, in-operative, sham and sending of this cancellation order to Sub - Registrar, Bhanga Bazar for nothing the same in cancelled book and volume.

    (iii) For declaration that if any deed or deeds in respect of dag no. 83 is found from the possessing of the plaintiff showing his right title over the land under dag no. 83 same shall be treated as in-operative, ab-initio void cancelled and sending of this cancellation order to the concerned book and volumes of concerned Sub – Registrar.

    (iv) For handing over the khas possession of the land in favour of counter claimant / defendant no. 1 by the plaintiff within the time fixed by the court failing which the counter claimant / defendant no. 1 is entitle to same through court.

    (v) For perpetual injunction restraining the plaintiff from interfering in peaceful

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