( 1 ) THE main controversy in these petitions centres round the question whether the Hyderabad Tenancy and Agricultural Lands Act, 1950 (XXI o 1950) (hereinafter referred to as the Act), which was enacted after the inauguration of the Constitution, is inoperative for the reason that it was not reserved for the consideration of the President as required by Article 31 (3) of the Constitution but the assent of H. E. H. the Nizam of erstwhile Hyderabad State was obtained.

( 2 ) THIS Act was passed for the purpose of regulating the relations between the landlords and tenants of agricultural lands and imposing restrictions on alienations of such lands, to assume management of lands which are left uncultivated by the landlords For distribution of the surplus lands amongst the needy persons and to provide for registration of co-operative farms. The objects of the statute are contained in the preamble to it and they are in these words :". . . . . . . . . . . . . AND whereas it is also expedient to enable land-holders to prevent the excessive sub-division of agricultural holdings, to empower Government to assume in certain circumstances the management of agricultural lands, to p