1. The petitioners in these writ applications are either firms or partners of firms carrying on business in food-grains, edible oils, vegetable oils etc. and they are licensees under the Bihar Food-grains Dealers Licensing Order, 1967 (hereinafter referred to as the Food-grains Licensing Order"), or the Bihar Edible Oil Whole-sale Dealers Licensing Order, 1966 (hereinafter referred to as the "Edible. Oil 'Licensing Order"), or the Bihar Vanaspati Dealers' Licensing Order, 1967 (hereinafter referred to as the "Vanaspati Licensing Order'') : By these writ applications they have challenged the vires of the different provisions of the Bihar Agricultural Produce Markets Act, 1960 (hereinafter referred to as the "Markets Act") and the legality of the different communications issued by the different Market Committees established under the Markets Act.

2. As common question of law are involved in these writ applications and even the facts alleged are, more or less, similar, they have been heard together with the consent of the parties and this judgment will govern them all. C.W.J.C. no. 1084 of 1974 has been taken up as the first case. I, therefore, propose to deal