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2008 Supreme(Del) 314

IN THE HIGH COURT OF DELHI
Honble Judges: S. Muralidhar, J.
Ravi Chopra – Appellants
Vs.
State and Anr. – Respondent
Crl. M.C. 5211/2006 and Crl. M.A. No. 8864/2006, Crl. M.C. 5217/2006 and Crl.
M.A. No. 8877/2006 and Crl. M.C. 5291/2006 and Crl. M.A. No. 8961/2006
Decided On: 13.03.2008

Advocates appeared:
For Appellant/Petitioner/Plaintiff: Sudhir Nandrajog and Ujjwal K. Jha, Advs.
For Respondents/Defendant:Amrit Kaur Oberoi, Adv. for Respondent No. 2 and Pawan Behl, APP

Headnote:Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 Section 138 - Prayer for sending the dishonoured cheque to the Central Forensic Science Laboratory (CFSL) for its opinion on the handwriting of the cheques - Any material alteration to a cheque without the consent of the drawer unless it is made to carry out the common intention of the original parties thereto renders the cheque void - When the cheque has been signed by the drawer, the fact that the ink in which the name and figures are written or the date is filled up is different from the ink of the signature is not a material alternation - No infirmity in the order of the learned MM declining to refer to the cheques for the opinion of the handwriting expert.

Judgement Key Points

To prove the dishonor of a cheque, the primary evidence required is the dishonored cheque itself along with the bank’s return memo or the bank’s endorsement indicating the reason for dishonor. The bank’s memo serves as a crucial piece of evidence as it explicitly states the reason why the cheque was not paid, such as "funds insufficient" or "account closed" (!) .

In the absence of the bank’s memo, the complainant can rely on other evidence such as the bank statement showing the dishonored cheque and the bank’s endorsement or remarks. These collectively establish that the cheque was presented for payment and was returned dishonored by the bank (!) .

Additionally, notices sent by the payee or holder to the drawer demanding payment, along with proof of receipt of such notices, can support the case that the cheque was dishonored and that the drawer was duly informed of this fact (!) .

Therefore, the essential elements to prove dishonor include the dishonored cheque, the bank’s return memo or endorsement indicating dishonor, and proof of communication to the drawer regarding the dishonor.


ORDER

S. Muralidhar, J.

1. These petitions under Section 482 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (CrPC) seek to challenge an order dated 18th July, 2006 passed by the learned Metropolitan Magistrate (MM) rejecting an application filed by the Petitioner for sending the dishonoured cheques, in respect of which the complaint cases were filed against the Petitioner for the offences under Section 138 of the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 (NI Act), to the Central Forensic Science Laboratory (CFSL) for its opinion on the handwriting on the cheques.

2. The cheques in question are Nos. 836720, 445534 and 752076 all dated 1st May, 2004 for a sum of Rs. 1 lakh each in respect of which Complaint Case No. 339 of 2004 was filed, Nos. 328114 dated 11th May, 2004 for a sum of Rs. 2 lakhs and No. 520660 dated 11th May, 2004 for a sum of Rs. 1 lakh in respect of which Complaint Case No. 340 of 2004 was filed, and Nos. 752064 and 555267 both dated 7th May, 2004 for a sum of Rs. 1 lakh each in respect of which Complaint Case No. 341 of 2004 was filed. The aggregate sum of all these cheques is Rs. 8 lakhs. The case of the complainant is that on different dates from 2000 to 2003 the Petitioner accused took a loan of Rs. 8 lakhs and issued the aforementioned cheques towards his liability for repayment of the loans. All the cheques were drawn on Punjab National Bank (PNB), Tolstoy House, New Delhi. Some of the cheques when presented returned dishonoured with the remarks "account closed" and some others on the ground "funds insufficient". Despite the complainant sending notices demanding payment, the Petitioner did not make payment within the statutory period.

3. At the trial after the complainants evidence was recorded the petitioner examined himself as a defense witness and filed an affidavit by way of examination-in-chief. The stand taken in his affidavit was that the Petitioner was working as an officer in PNB. He was introduced to the complainant in the year 1997 by the brother-in-law of the complainant who was a colleague of the Petitioner at PNB. It is stated that Petitioners brother Mr. Rajesh Chopra was in a real estate business at that point in time. The complainant, on coming to know this, expressed his desire to invest money in the real estate business. thereforee the petitioner introduced the complainant to his brother Mr.Rajesh Chopra. It is stated that during the period 1997-98 the complainant invested the aforementioned sum in the real estate business of his brother and it was agreed that the invested money would be repaid shortly. The complainant then insisted upon the Petitioner here standing surety for his brother. It is stated that pursuant to this request, the Petitioner issued the aforementioned cheques from his staff account at the PNB leaving blanks in the material particulars i.e. "without filling name, date and crossing". It is also the case of the Petitioner here that "the complainant also obtained 3 letters from the deponent having the dates left blank for receiving the said amount of these loans and cheques were issued on the assurance that the cheques and loans would be returned once the amount is paid to the complainant." It is claimed by the Petitioner that a sum of Rs. 4 lakhs was repaid in the last week of October 2000 to the complainant and when he was asked to return the cheques and letters he was assured that it would be sent to the Petitioner in due course and that the Petitioner trusted him to do so. A further sum of Rs. 1 lakh was repaid in January 2001 after the Petitioner took a voluntary retirement from PNB in December 2000. It is stated that despite several efforts the Petitioner was unable to get the complainant to return the blank cheques.

4. It is claimed by the petitioner that the complainant had filed the aforementioned three complaints after filling the name of the payee, the date and crossing the cheques. It is alleged that the complainant also filled the date of the cheques in the letters with m







































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