Point of Law: The expression “any of the matters in controversy” is consistent with the “constructive res judicata” incorporated under Explanation IV and V of Section 11 C.P.C., hence there cannot be any repugnancy in its application.

ORDER :

It is a case wherein the trial court while drawing a decree on merits in a suit granted permission to file another suit in the following lines :

“Suit is dismissed. No order as to costs. The decision in this case is not a bar for filing a fresh suit subject to the law of limitation, if so advised.”

2. Strange enough, this decree was passed in a subsequent suit in O.S.No.205/2011. The earlier suit, O.S.No.260/2007 between the same parties on the same subject matter on the very same cause of action was allowed to be withdrawn on payment of cost of Rs.1000/- with liberty to file a fresh suit on the same cause of action. It is thereafter, a second suit – O.S.No.205/2011 was filed on the very same cause of action and it was disposed of by the trial court (Munsiff Court, Haripad) on its merits as above by reserving liberty to file a fresh suit. Based on the said decree, a third suit – O.S.No.175/2017 was instituted by the very same plaintiff presumably based on the reservation made in the earlier decree in O.S.No.205/2011 by removing the bar in instituting a fresh suit, but subject to the law of limitation. It is quite unfortunate that the officer had taken away the provisions contained in the Code of Civil Procedure regarding finality of the suit and doctrine of res judicata. The reservation made in the said decree removing the bar in instituting a fresh suit on the same cause of action amounts to re-writing the relevant provisions in the Code of Civil Procedure and hence non est in the eye of law and cannot be sustained. No such power is vested with the civil court to reserve any liberty to file a fresh suit on the same cause of action by the same plaintiff or the person litigating under him and it would otherwise be violative of, firstly, Section 11 C.P.C., secondly, Order XXIII Rule 1 and 2 C.P.C. and thirdly, the very concept of “decree”, which should be conclusive in the determination of right of the parties with regard to all or any of the matters in controversy in the suit. It is true that any adjudication from which an appeal lies as an appeal from an order (a deemed decree) and any order of dismissal for default would also come under the purview of “decree” as defined under the Code. But, primarily, the word “decree” stands for formal expression of an adjudication which conclusively determines the rights of parties with regard to all or any of the matters in controversy in the suit. This has to be read along with Section 11 C.P.C. and the doctrine of res judicata embedded therein. The extensive nature of Section 11 C.P.C. engulfs within its sweep even the principle of “constructive res judicata” pertaining to a matter which might and ought to have been made a ground of defence or attack in a suit (former suit) and would deem to have been a matter directly and substantially in issue in such suit, by virtue of Explanation IV attached to that section and also any relief claimed in the plaint which is not expressly granted by the decree, shall stand deemed to have been refused by virtue of Explanation V. The principle of res judicata as embedded under Section 11 C.P.C. would apply not only to the party to the lis, but also those who are litigating under them or any of them. It is not permissible for the court to reserve any right of fresh suit on the same cause of action while drawing a decree on its merits or to remove any statutory bar in instituting a fresh suit on the same cause of action. A liberty to file a fresh suit can be granted only under Order XXIII Rule 1 and 2 C.P.C., when an application is submitted under that provision seeking permission to withdraw the suit. The said power or jurisdiction cannot be extended while drawing a decree in a suit irrespective of whether it is a decree of dismissal of the suit or not. All these basic principles have been overlooked by the trial court while rendering the impugned judgment and decree in the second suit – O.S.No.205/2011. No such clause can be incorporated in a d