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2026 Supreme(Mad) 252

IN THE HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE AT MADRAS
N.SATHISH KUMAR, R.SAKTHIVEL, JJ.
L. Rajendran, S/o. M.N.Lakshmana Gounder – Appellant
Versus
D. Venkatesan, S/o. Durairajulu Naidu – Respondent
A.S.NO.75 OF 2023
Decided On : 23-02-2026

Advocates Appeared:
For the Appellant : Mr. K. Shakespeare
For the Respondent: Mr. R. Subramanian for Mr. S. Thiruvengadam

The court found the plaintiff failed to establish the execution of the promissory note, concluding the presumption of consideration under Section 118 of the Negotiable Instruments Act could not be invoked.

Headnote:(A) Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 - Section 96, Order XLI Rule 1; Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 - Section 118 - Appeal against decree of dismissal based on a promissory note - Plaintiff failed to establish the execution of the note and thus, could not invoke presumption under Section 118 - The evidence of the plaintiff's Power Agent was deemed insufficient - The failure to produce pertinent documents and the absence of the plaintiff in the witness box led to the conclusion of insufficient proof of loan. (Paras 7, 25)

(B) Burden of Proof - The initial burden lies with the plaintiff to establish a prima facie case to invoke statutory presumptions under the Negotiable Instruments Act - Once the execution is proven, the burden shifts to the defendant to rebut the presumption. (Paras 13, 25)

Facts of the case:
The plaintiff alleged lending Rs.20,00,000/- to the defendant for personal and business needs; the defendant claimed only borrowing Rs.3,00,000/- for his charitable trust and asserted he had repaid all debts. The Trial Court found the plaintiff failed to prove his case.

Findings of Court:
The Trial Court dismissed the suit due to the plaintiff's failure to discharge the burden of proof. The appellate court upheld this dismissal as the plaintiff did not substantiate his claims.

Issues: The main issues were whether the plaintiff proved the execution of the promissory note and whether the presumption of consideration under Section 118 could be applied.

Ratio Decidendi: The court held that the Power Agent of the plaintiff could not testify on matters outside his personal knowledge and that the plaintiff must provide direct evidence of the loan transaction to establish the validity of the promissory note and invoke the statutory presumption.

Result: Appeal dismissed.

Table of Content
1. nature of the appeal and parties identified. (Para 2)
2. summary of plaintiff's and defendant's cases. (Para 3 , 4)
3. specific issues framed by the trial court. (Para 5 , 6)
4. trial court's findings after evidence presentation. (Para 7)
5. plaintiff's arguments challenging trial court ruling. (Para 9)
6. defendant's counterarguments against plaintiff's claims. (Para 10)
7. points for consideration in the appeal. (Para 11 , 12)
8. supreme court's interpretation of burden of proof roles. (Para 13 , 15)
9. plaintiff's failure to provide evidence. (Para 18 , 19)
10. analyzing the evidential shortfalls by the plaintiff. (Para 20 , 21 , 22)
11. court's remarks on promissory note validity. (Para 23 , 24)
12. final decision of the appeal and reasoning. (Para 25 , 26 , 27)

JUDGMENT :

R. SAKTHIVEL, J.

1.Feeling aggrieved by the Judgment and Decree dated April 21, 2015 passed in O.S. No.10018 of 2010 by 'the IV Additional Judge, City Civil Court, Chennai' ['Trial Court' for convenience], the plaintiff therein has preferred this Appeal Suit under Section 96 and Order XLI Rule 1 of 'the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 ' [' CPC ' for brevity] read with Order IV Rule 14 of the Madras High Court Appellate Side Rules, 1965.

2. For the sake of convenience, hereinafter, the parties will be referred to as per their array in the Original Suit.

PLAINTIFF'S CASE IN BRIEF:

3. Case of the plaintiff is that on December 5, 2006, the defendant borrowed Rs.20,00,000/- from the plaintiff for his family as well as business needs. The defendant agreed to repay the said amount with 12% interest per annum on demand. By January 2007, the defendant had totally paid a sum of Rs.1,50,000/- towards interest as well as principal. But thereafter, the defendant did not pay any amount either towards principal or towards interest in spite of repeated demands made by the plaintiff. The plaintiff issued a legal notice to the defendant on September 27, 2007 demanding repayment. Despite the receipt of notice, the defendant did not pay any amount. Hence, the plaintiff seeks a money decree against the defendant. As on date of the plaint, the defendant is liable to pay a sum of Rs.18,50,000/- towards principal and a sum of Rs.25,900/- towards interest.

DEFENDANT'S CASE IN BRIEF:

4. The defendant filed a written statement. According to the defendant, he did not borrow Rs.20,00,000/- as alleged in the plaint. The defendant is running an old-age home in the name of S.V. Home for Aged as a registered Charitable Trust. In order to meet some expenses for smooth running of the Trust, the defendant borrowed a sum of Rs.3,00,000/- on September 22, 2006 as a hand loan from the plaintiff, who is doing financial business under the name and style of M/s.R.R. & Co. Out of the said amount, a sum of Rs.75,000/- was deducted as interest at the rate of 25% at the time of borrowal itself, and the defendant received Rs.2,25,000/- as principal from the plaintiff vide Cheque No.158112 dated September 22, 2006 drawn on Union Bank of India, Adayar Branch, Chennai. The said loan amount was repaid by way of 10 Cheques drawn on IDBI Bank Ltd., Chennai. At the time of borrowal, the defendant provided a blank promissory note and blank cheques as security. The defendant settled the entire loan amount as early as on December 02, 2006. Immediately thereafter, the defendant insisted the plaintiff to return the blank promissory note and other documents. The plaintiff evaded the same. Later, the plaintiff misused the blank promissory note and falsely instituted the Suit. Accordingly, the defendant prayed to dismiss the Suit.

TRIAL COURT:

5. Based on the above pleadings, the Trial Court framed the following issues:

'1. Whether the plaintiff is entitled to the suit claim with interest as prayed for?

2. Whether the pronote is proved valid and supported by consideration?

3. Whether the defendant has borrowed a sum of Rs.3,00,000/- for the purpose of his Trust as pleaded by the defendant is true?

4. Whether the defendant

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