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2025 Supreme(Online)(Mad) 40646

IN THE HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE AT MADRAS
G.ILANGOVAN, J
Balammal – Appellant
Versus
Velu (Died) – Respondent
SA(MD)No.685 of 2011



Advocates:
For the Appellants/Petitioners: Mr.S.Meenakshi Sundaram, Mr.M.Sengu Vijay
For the Respondents: Mr.M.Thirunavukkarsu

A de facto guardian cannot validly transfer a minor's property, rendering such transactions void ab initio, and a co-owner's long silence may indicate knowledge of exclusion, barring claims under limitation laws.

Headnote:(A) Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act, 1956 - Section 11 - Limitation Act, 1963 - Article 110 - Partition suit - Plaintiff claimed partition of ancestral property, asserting her rightful share against the defendant who claimed ownership through a sale deed executed by the plaintiff's grandmother, who lacked authority as a de facto guardian. The appellate court held that the sale deed was valid, but the Supreme Court found it void ab initio due to statutory prohibitions against de facto guardians. The court noted that the plaintiff's claim was barred by limitation as she failed to act within the prescribed period after attaining majority. (Paras 11, 20, 22, 29, 63)

(B) Guardian's Authority - The court reiterated that a de facto guardian has no authority to deal with a minor's property and any transaction made is void ab initio. (Paras 20, 22)

(C) Limitation - The court emphasized that possession by one co-owner is presumed to be on behalf of all co-owners unless a clear ouster is established, and the plaintiff's long silence indicated knowledge of her exclusion. (Paras 44, 62)

Facts of the case:
The suit property originally belonged to the plaintiff's grandfather, who died, leaving the plaintiff and the defendant as co-heirs. The plaintiff claimed her share after years of exclusion, asserting the invalidity of a sale deed executed by her grandmother.

Findings of Court:
The sale deed was ruled void due to lack of authority, and the plaintiff's claim was dismissed as barred by limitation.

Issues: The main issues included the validity of the sale deed executed by a de facto guardian and the applicability of limitation laws to the plaintiff's claim.

Ratio Decidendi: The court held that a de facto guardian cannot validly transfer a minor's property, and the plaintiff's inaction for over two decades constituted knowledge of exclusion, barring her claim under Article 110 of the Limitation Act.

Result: Second appeal dismissed.

Table of Content
1. ownership and inheritance of property (Para 1 , 2 , 3)
2. issues framed by the trial court (Para 4 , 6 , 8)
3. evidence presented by both parties (Para 5 , 7 , 10)
4. contentions of both parties regarding guardianship and property sale (Para 11 , 12 , 13)
5. validity of the sale deed executed by a de-facto guardian (Para 14 , 15 , 16 , 17)
6. legal limitations on de-facto guardians (Para 18 , 19 , 20 , 21)
7. supreme court's stance on void documents (Para 22 , 23 , 24)
8. consequences of void documents (Para 25 , 26 , 27)
9. registration requirements for property documents (Para 28 , 29 , 30 , 31)
10. admissibility of unregistered documents (Para 32 , 33 , 34)
11. custody and care of the plaintiff (Para 35 , 36 , 37)
12. distribution of property shares (Para 38 , 39 , 40)
13. ouster and limitation in property rights (Para 41 , 42 , 43)
14. arguments regarding limitation (Para 44 , 45 , 46)
15. legal implications of adverse possession (Para 47 , 48 , 49)
16. court's evaluation of evidence and knowledge of exclusion (Para 50 , 51 , 52)
17. plaintiff's conduct and its implications (Para 53 , 54 , 55 , 56)
18. knowledge of property dealings (Para 57 , 58 , 59 , 60)
19. final judgment and dismissal of the appeal (Para 61 , 62)

JUDGMENT

This second appeal is filed against the judgment and decree passed in AS No.52 of 2010 by the Sub Court, Sankarankovil, dated 27/01/2011 reversing the judgment and decree in OS No.216 of 2008 passed by the Additional District Munsif Court, Sankarankovil, dated 24/03/2010.

2.The plaint averments:-

(i)The suit property originally belonged to the grand-father of the plaintiff by name Chinnakaruppan and his brother namely Periyakaruppan through their father namely Muthuveeran. Muthuveeran died leaving behind the legal-heirs. They inherited the property and in possession and enjoyment. The plaintiff's grandfather Chinnakaruppan died leaving behind the plaintiff's father Karuppan as his legal-heir. So, the plaintiff's father Karuppan and the defendant's father Periyakaruppan were in common enjoyment. The plaintiff's father died, when the plaintiff was aged about 10 years. After his death, the property was in enjoyment of the defendant's father on behalf of the plaintiff also.

(ii)Since the plaintiff was not taken care by the defendant's father, she was under the care and custody of Madathiammal. The defendant's father also died. Now the properties are in possession and enjoyment of the defendant. The plaintiff being the lawful legal-heir of Chinnakaruppan, she is entitled for half share. The plaintiff was demanding partition right from May 2005. But the defendant was evading. He proclaimed that the entire property belongs to him. Later, it came to the notice of the plaintiff that the revenue records were transferred and standing in the name of the defendant. But the properties are deemed to be in joint possession of the plaintiff.

(iii)In the reply notice sent by the defendant, it has been stated that the defendant purchased the plaintiff's half share from her guardian. The guardian has no right to execute the sale deed on behalf of the plaintiff or at the stage of the minor. The sale deed is not binding upon her. Hence, the suit for partition and separate possession of her half share, costs.

3.The statement:-It is admitted that the suit property originally belongs to Muthuveeran and died leaving behind Periyakarupan and Chinnakaruppan. The plaintiff's mother namely Madathiammal married some other person even during the life time of the plaintiff's father. After the death of his father, the plaintiff was taken care by her paternal grand-mother called 'Perumalammal' and living under her custody in Achampatti village. She was the legal guardian. Perumalammal on behalf of the plaintiff sold the property, on 19/06/1971 for a sum of Rs.2,500/-. Similarly, Chinnakaruppan's another daughter by name Karuppayeeammal also received Rs.2,000/-, on 21/07/1997 and released his shares in the sale deed, dated 19/06/1997. Chinna

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