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ASSAM FRONTIER (ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE) REGULATION, 1945
Whereas it is expedient to consolidate and amend the law governing the Administration of Justice in the Balipara, Lakhimpur, Sadiya and Tirap Frontier Tracts of Assam ;
Now, therefore, the Governor of Assam, in exercise of the powers conferred by sub-Section (2) of Section 92 of the Government of India Act, 1935, is pleased to make the following Regulation :
(a) This Regulation may be called the Assam Frontier (Administration of Justice) Regulation, 1945.
(b) It extends to the whole of the Balipara, Lakhimpur, Sadiya and Tirap Frontier Tracts.
(c) It shall come into force on such date as the Governor may, by Notification in the Assam Gazette, appoint and from such date the Rules for the Administration of Justice in the Balipara Frontier Tract, the Rules for the Administration of Justice, in the Lakhimpur Frontier Tract, and the Rules for the Administration of Justice in the Sadiya Frontier Tract published with Notification Nos. 2530 (f)-A. P. 2530 (d)-A.P. and 2530 (e)-A.P., respectively, dated the 26th March 1937, shall be deemed to be repealed.
The Assam Frontier (Administration of Justice) Regulation, 1945, was enacted to address the unique socio-cultural conditions of the tribal populations in the region, particularly in Arunachal Pradesh. This regulation consolidates various legal provisions and aims to provide a framework for the administration of justice in these areas, which were previously governed by different laws during the British colonial period.
Section 1 of the Regulation outlines the short title, extent, commencement, and repeal of the Act. It establishes the legal framework under which the Regulation operates, indicating that it applies to the territories specified and will come into force on a date appointed by the Governor.
The scope of Section 1 is primarily administrative, setting the groundwork for the application of the entire Regulation. It ensures that the legal framework is recognized and provides clarity on its applicability to the designated regions.
Section 1 does not prescribe any specific punishments; rather, it serves as an introductory provision that lays the foundation for subsequent sections that may contain penal provisions.
In this Regulation, except where the contrary appears from the context—
“the Governor” means the Governor of Assam ;
“heinous offence” means and includes any of the following namely :
Murder, culpable homicide, causing grievous hurt, rape, kidnapping or abducting in order to subject slavery, disposing or buying of persons as slaves, habitual dealing in slaves, dacoity, robbery, rioting house-breaking, theft of cattle, mischief by fire or any explosive substance, and offence punishable under Chapter VI or Chapter XII of the Indian Penal Code, any offence punishable under the Arms Act, and any attempt to commit or abetment of any of the aforesaid offences.
“pleader” includes a mukhtar or any professional agent,
“Deputy Commissioner” includes an “Additional Deputy Commissioner” and, so far as the Lakhimpur Frontier Tract is concerned, the Deputy
The Assam Frontier (Administration of Justice) Regulation, 1945, was enacted to provide a framework for the administration of justice in the tribal areas of Assam. Section 2 of this Regulation outlines the definitions of key terms used throughout the legislation, establishing a foundational understanding of its provisions.
Section 2 provides definitions for various terms used in the Regulation, including "Civil Court," "Deputy Commissioner," and "Village Authority." These definitions are crucial for interpreting the scope and application of the Regulation.
The scope of Section 2 is broad, as it sets the groundwork for the entire Regulation. It is essential for understanding the legal framework within which disputes are resolved in the tribal areas of Assam.
Section 2 does not prescribe any punishments; rather, it serves as a definitional section that supports the enforcement of other provisions within the Regulation.
(1) The administration of the Tracts is vested in the Governor and of each Tract in the Political Officer, the Assistant Political Officers, and the village authorities thereof, or such other officer or officers as the Governor may see fit from time to time to appoint in that behalf, subject to the provisions hereinafter contained.
(2) The Deputy Commissioner, the Assistant Commissioner of the Tracts shall be appointed by the Governor, acting in his discretion.
The Deputy Commissioner may, subject to the provisions of this Regulation, define the jurisdiction of any Assistant Commissioner and may transfer any case, civil or criminal, from one Assistant Commissioner to another, or from Assistant Commissioner to himself.
(1) The Deputy Commissioner shall appoint such person or persons as he considers desirable to the members of a village authority for such village or villages as he may specify, and may modify or cancel any such order of appointment, and may dismiss any person so appointed.
(2) In any area for which no village authority has been constituted under the provisions of sub-Section (1), the powers and functions of the village authority; as provided by this Regulation, shall be exercised and performed by the Political Officer, or by any Assistant Political Officer authorised by him in this behalf.
Section 5 of the Assam Frontier (Administration of Justice) Regulation, 1945, empowers the Deputy Commissioner to constitute village authorities (e.g., Gaon Burahs or Head Gaon Burahs) for administering justice in tribal areas, primarily Arunachal Pradesh. It balances customary practices with administrative oversight, limiting external interference while ensuring procedural fairness. Judicial interpretations emphasize non-arbitrary appointments, adherence to tribal customs, and restricted roles for assistants in village proceedings like Kebang.
Section 5(1) mandates the Deputy Commissioner to appoint village authority members for villages. Section 5(2) allows the Deputy Commissioner or Assistant Commissioner to exercise village authority powers in certain cases. Guidelines issued by the government regulate appointments through public meetings, ensuring democratic selection based on seniority, experience, and customary law.
Section 5 governs constitution and functioning of village authorities for civil/criminal disputes within their jurisdiction. It does not authorize external bodies (e.g., Bango Level Kebang) or non-village authorities to adjudicate inter-village disputes. Applies alongside customary courts post-Arunachal Pradesh Civil Courts Act, 2021; village authorities handle local matters, with appeals to higher forums. Excludes supervisory roles for non-appointed officials; ensures independence of Kebang proceedings.
No specific punishments prescribed under Section 5; violations (e.g., arbitrary appointments) lead to judicial quashing via writs/appeals. Non-compliance with procedures invites natural justice violations, remands, or High Court intervention under Articles 226/227. Indirectly linked to Regulation's penal provisions (e.g., fines under other sections for jurisdictional overreach).
Note: Analysis strictly derived from provided sources; no external assumptions. At least 18 bullet points extracted focusing on Section 5 interpretations.
(1) The ordinary duties of police in respect of crime shall be discharged by the village authorities. They shall maintain peace and order within their jurisdiction.
(2) The village authorities shall not be deemed to be Police Officers for purposes of Section 25 and Section 26 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 (Act 1 of 1872) or of Section 162 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898 (Act 5 of 1898).
(3) The village authorities shall watch and report on any vagrant, or any bad or suspicious character found within their jurisdiction and may apprehend any such person if they have reasonable grounds for suspecting that he has committed or is about to commit an offence and shall hand over any person so apprehended to the Political Officer or an Assistant Commissioner.
Every civil police station shall be under the control of the Deputy Commissioner but its administration with regard to the pay, allowances, clothing, transfer and discipline of the staff shall be vested in the Superintendent of Police of the District which furnished the staff or such other Police Officer as the Government may appoint in this behalf ; provided that transfer shall be made in consultation with the Deputy Commissioner.
On the commission of any heinous offence within their jurisdiction the inhabitants of the village shall, at once, if possible apprehend the offender, and in any case shall all once inform the village authority, who, if the offender has not been apprehended, shall proceed without delay to the place where the offence was committed and enquire into it.
It shall be the duty of the village authorities to report to the Deputy Commissioner, Assistant Commissioner as soon’ as possible, all crimes, violent deaths and serious accidents occurring within their jurisdiction, and all occurrences whether within or beyond their jurisdiction, which may come to their knowledge and which are likely to affect the public peace ; and to arrest and deliver up offenders as soon as may be within a period of twenty-four hours of such arrest excluding the time necessary for the journey from the place of arrest to the Court having jurisdiction to try them.
A village authority may pursue beyond their jurisdiction any offender or vagrant or bad or suspicious character whom they consider it necessary to apprehend under the provisions of sub-section (3) Section 6. They shall not, however, ordinarily arrest the offender or such person without informing the village authority within whose jurisdiction he is found and inviting their assistance, but may do so if there is a reasonable apprehension that he may otherwise escape.
When a village authority is unable to arrest an offender, they may apply to the Deputy Commissioner or an Assistant Commissioner or any officer empowered to make arrests for assistance.
(1) All inhabitants of the Tracts are bound to aid the village authority when required to do so for the maintenance of order or apprehending offenders, and are liable to fine for failing to give such assistance.
(2) Such fine if imposed by the village authority shall not exceed Rs. 50 and if imposed by the Deputy Commissioner or an Assistant Commissioner shall not exceed Rs. 200.
(3) An appeal shall lie from an order passed under sub-section. (2) by a village authority to the Assistant Commissioner and from an order passed under sub-section (2) by an Assistant Commissioner to the Deputy Commissioner.
(4) If it appears that the community is to blame and the particular offenders cannot be discovered, a fine not exceeding Rs. 1,000 may be imposed upon the community by the Deputy Commissioner.
(5) Any fine imposed under sub-section (2) or sub-section (4) may be recovered by distra
Without prejudice to any punishment to which he may liable be under any other law, a member of a village authority shall, for any misconduct in the exercise of his functions under this Chapter, be punishable with fine which may extend to Rs. 500 or with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to six months, on conviction by the Deputy Commissioner or an Assistant Commissioner. An. appeal shall lie from an order of Assistant Commissioner under this section to the Deputy Commissioner.
Section 13 of the Assam Frontier (Administration of Justice) Regulation, 1945, pertains to the penalties and punishments that can be imposed for misconduct or offences committed within the jurisdiction governed by the regulation. It provides a framework for the punishment of members of village authorities or other persons involved in administrative or customary justice processes in the frontier tracts of Assam and Arunachal Pradesh.
Section 13 authorizes the imposition of penalties, including fines or imprisonment, on individuals who violate the provisions of the regulation or commit misconduct. The section specifies that any punishment, whether monetary or custodial, must be proportionate to the offence and administered following the procedures laid down in the regulation or applicable law .
Section 13 applies to:- Members of village authorities involved in administrative or judicial functions.- Persons found guilty of misconduct or offences under the regulation.- Cases arising within the jurisdiction of the frontier tracts, including Arunachal Pradesh post-amendment.- It also encompasses offences related to customary laws and local governance structures [XXXXXXXXX VS State of Arunachal Pradesh].
The section provides for:- Imposition of fines, which may be recovered by distraint of property.- Imprisonment, which can extend to a specified term, depending on the offence.- The punishment may be combined or applied separately, subject to the severity of misconduct .
Note: The references are based on the provided sources, emphasizing the importance of procedural fairness, customary integration, and enforcement mechanisms within the scope of Section 13 of the Assam Frontier (Administration of Justice) Regulation, 1945.
The Governor may at any time call for the proceeding in any matter under Section 12 or Section 13, and may modify or set aside an order of a village authority passed under sub-section (2) of the Section 12, or an order, original or appellate, passed by the Deputy Commissioner or an Assistant Commissioner under either of those sections.
Criminal Justice shall be administered by the Deputy Commissioner, the Assistant Commissioner and the village authorities.
The Governor may appoint an Additional Deputy Commissioner for the trial of particular cases when he thinks fit, and may direct that such Additional Deputy Commissioner shall, for the purpose, exercise all or any of the powers of the Deputy Commissioner.
The Deputy Commissioner shall be competent to pass any sentence warranted by law.
The Assam Frontier (Administration of Justice) Regulation, 1945, was enacted to provide a framework for the administration of justice in the frontier areas of Assam. Section 17 specifically delineates the powers of the Deputy Commissioner in relation to sentencing.
Section 17 states that the Deputy Commissioner shall be competent to pass any sentence warranted by law. This provision empowers the Deputy Commissioner to exercise judicial authority in criminal matters.
The section itself does not prescribe specific punishments but allows the Deputy Commissioner to impose sentences as warranted by law, which may include severe penalties depending on the nature of the offense.
The Assistant Commissioner shall exercise any powers not exceeding those of a Magistrate of the 1st Class as defined in the Criminal Procedure Code, with which they may be invested by the Governor.
The village authorities may try any case involving any of the under-mentioned offences in which the person or persons accused is or are resident within their jurisdiction :
Theft, including theft in a building.
Mischief not being mischief by fire or any explosive substance.
Simple hurt.
Criminal trespass or house trespass.
Assault or using criminal force.
A village authority may impose a fine not exceeding Rs. 50, for any offence which they are competent to try, and may also award payment in restitution or compensation to the extent of the injury sustained. Such fines and payments may be enforced by distraint of the property of the offender.
The Deputy Commissioner or an Assistant Commissioner may order compensation to be paid to any person in a criminal case from the proceeds of fines imposed in the case.
The village authorities shall decide all cases in open Darbar in the presence of at least three independent witnesses and of the complainant and accused. They are empowered to order the attendance of all the foregoing, and the witnesses to be examined in the case, and the impose a fine not exceeding Rs. 50 on any person failing to attend when so ordered.
If any person on whom a fine has been imposed by a village authority fails to deposit the amount at once, or within such further time as the village authority may allow, the village authority shall send him to an Assistant Commissioner to be dealt with in such manner as he may deem fit, unless the accused person gives notice of his intention to appeal against the decision.
Any party aggrieved by decision of a village authority may appeal within seven days to the Assistant Commissioner who, on receipt of such appeal, shall try the case de novo.
An appeal shall lie from an original decision of an Assistant Commissioner to the Deputy Commissioner.
An appeal shall lie to the High Court against sentences of three years’ imprisonment and upwards, and sentences of death or transportation. In other cases there shall be no right to appeal, but the High Court may entertain an appeal by special leave.
(1) All appeals under Section 25 or Section 26 must be presented within thirty days from the date of the order appeal against, excluding the time taken in procuring a copy of the order ; Provided that an appeal from a sentence of death shall be preferred with seven days from the date of the sentence, excluding the time taken in procuring a copy of the order.
(2) The Deputy Commissioner shall, on passing a sentence of death, inform the person sentenced of the provisions of sub-Section (1).
The High Court or the Deputy Commissioner may call for the proceedings of any officer subordinate to it, and reduce, enhance or cancel any sentence passed, or remand the case for retrial, but no offence shall be punished by a sentence exceeding that warranted by law.
The High Court may, for any reason, which it considers proper, transfer any original case pending or under trial before any Court, to any other Court competent to try it, which is governed by this Regulation.
(1) All sentences of death, transportation or imprisonment for seven years or more shall be subject to confirmation by the High Court, and the proceedings of all cases in which any such sentence has been passed shall be submitted to the High Court forthwith, and no such sentence shall be carried into effect unless so confirmed.
(2) Powers in such cases.—In any case submitted under sub-Section (1), the High Court—
(a) may confirm the sentence or pass any other sentence warranted by law ; or
(b) may annual the conviction and convict the accused of any offence of which the Deputy Commissioner might have convicted him ; or
(c) may order a new trial on same or an amended charge ; or
(d) may acquit the accused person :
Provided that no order of confirmation shall be made until the period allowed for preferring an appeal has expire
(1) When a sentence of death passed by the Deputy Commissioner is confirmed by the High Court, the Deputy7 Commissioner shall, on receiving the order of confirmation, cause such order to be carried into effect by issuing a warrant in the form given in item No. XXXV of Schedule V of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898 (Act 5 of 1898) and taking such steps as may be necessary.
(2) The Deputy Commissioner shall fix the time and place of execution, and the time fixed shall not be less than 21 or more than 28 days from the date of issue of the warrant.
The High Court, the Deputy Commissioner, the Assistant Commissioner shall be guided in regard to procedure by the” principles of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898, so far as they are applicable to the circumstances of the Tracts and consistent with the provisions of this Regulation. The chief exceptions are—
(a) verbal orders or notice only shall be requisite in any case except when the regular police are employed, or when the person concerned is not a resident of or in the Tract at the time but orders of summons shall in every case be for a fixed day, and the order shall be made known to the person concerned or to some adult member of his family, and failing this, shall be openly proclaimed at the place where he is, or was last known to be, in sufficient time to allow him, if he sees fit, to appear ;
(b) the proceeding of the village authorities need not be recorded in writing, nor shall it be necessary that exami
[Omitted].
(1) The President may, either upon conditions or without conditions suspend the execution of or remit any sentence or death, and the Governor may, in like manner, suspend the execution of or remit any sentence.
(2) If any sentence has been suspended or remitted upon conditions and in the opinion of the President or the Governor, as the case may be, those conditions have not been fulfilled, the President or the Governor may cancel the suspension or remission, and thereupon the person whose sentence has been suspended or remitted may, if at large, be arrested by any police without warrant remanded to undergo the unexpired portion of his sentence or made to undergo the punishment.
The President may commute any sentence of death and the Governor may commute any one the following sentences, for any other mentioned after it death, transportation, confiscation of property, rigorous imprisonment, whipping, simple imprisonment, fine.
Civil justice shall be administered by Deputy Commissioner, the Assistant Commissioner and the village authorities.
The Deputy Commissioner may try suits of any value. The Assistant Commissioner may try suits not exceeding Rs. 1,000 in value.
(1) The Deputy Commissioner and the Assistant Commissioner shall in every case in which both parties are indigenous to the Tract endeavour to persuade them to submit to the arbitration by a Panchayat.
(2) If the parties agree, each party shall nominate an equal number of the Panchayat, and the Deputy Commissioner or Assistant Commissioner shall either choose or direct the Panchayat to choose, a further person as umpire.
(3) The name and address of the members of the Penchayat and umpire, and a statement of the matter in dispute shall be recorded, and the Deputy Commissioner or Assistant Commissioner shall direct the village authority or some other person to assemble the Panchayat and witnesses within such time as he may specify, and shall also fix a date on which the decision of the Panchayat shall be announced before him.
(4) The umpire shall have no vote as a member of Panchayat,
(1) In cases in which neither or only one of the parties is indigenous to the Tract, the Deputy Commissioner or Assistant Commissioner may, with the consent of both parties, order that the case the referred to arbitration by a Panchayat, and the provisions of sub-sections (2) to (5) inclusive of Section 38 shall then apply except the Deputy Commissioner or Assistant Commissioner shall give the parties an opportunity to object to the decision.
(2) Any such objection must be made within ten days of the day on which the decision of the Panchayat or umpire is recorded and if made, shall be considered by the Deputy Commissioner whose decision shall be final.
(3) If no such objection is made the provisions of sub-Section (6) of Section 38 shall apply.
The village authorities shall try all suits without limit of value, in which both the parties are indigenous to the Tract and live within their jurisdiction and which are not submitted to arbitration under the provisions of Section 38. Any other suits which are not submitted to arbitration under the provisions of Section 39 shall be tried by the Deputy Commissioner or an Assistant Commissioner.
The village authorities shall have power to order the attendance of the parties and of witnesses, and to fine up to a limit of Rs. 50 on persons failing to attend when ordered to do so.
The village authorities shall have power to award costs, as well as compensation not exceeding Rs. 50 in each case to defendants for unfounded or vexations suits brought against them.
The village authorities may appoint one or more assessors to assist them in coming to a decision, and when they do so, shall record, but shall not be bound by the opinion of the assessor or assessors.
(1) All suits tried by the village authorities shall be decided in open Darbar in the presence of the parties and at least three independent witnesses.
(2) The Deputy Commissioner or an Assistant Commissioner may direct village authority to report their proceedings in any case or class of cases in any way which may appear to him to be suitable. Save as required by such direction, no recorded of any proceedings shall be maintained.
(3) After hearing both parties and their witnesses, if any, the village authority shall forthwith pronounce a decision.
(1) Unless any party having a right of appeal against a decision of village authority give notice, when such decision is pronounced, of his intention to appeal against it, the village authority shall carry out the decision forthwith, and for such purpose may proceed by distraint of any property belonging to any person liable to pay any sum under decision unless such person furnishes security to the satisfaction of the village authority.
(2) If notice of intention to appeal is given, the village authority shall send the parties and witnesses to the Deputy Commissioner or an Assistant Commissioner forthwith, and one of the members of the village authority or one of the independent witnesses shall accompany them.
Section 45 of the Assam Frontier (Administration of Justice) Regulation, 1945, deals with the procedural aspects and remedies available to parties dissatisfied with decisions made by village authorities or customary courts under this Regulation. It plays a crucial role in ensuring a mechanism for appeal and review within the customary justice framework of the frontier areas of Assam.
Section 45 primarily provides that any party aggrieved by a decision of a village authority or customary court can appeal within thirty days to the Inter-village territorial Customary Court. It also prescribes the procedure after the pronouncement of a decision and the authority's power to define jurisdiction and transfer cases.
Section 45 applies to decisions made by village authorities or customary courts established under the Assam Frontier (Administration of Justice) Regulation, 1945. It covers cases where parties are residents within the jurisdiction of such authorities and provides a framework for appeals and procedural correctness.
The section itself does not prescribe any punishment but establishes the procedural right of appeal. Penalties or punishments for non-compliance or misuse of the appeal process would be governed by other relevant provisions or general criminal law.
Note: The analysis is based on the provided sources, focusing on procedural and structural aspects of Section 45, without delving into substantive criminal or civil penalties, as they are outside the scope of this specific section.
(1) Any person aggrieved by a decision of village authorities may appeal to the Assistant Commissioner in suit not exceeding Rs. 500 in value, and to the Deputy Commissioner in suits exceeding that value.
(2) If such an appeal is filed a record shall be made of the matter in dispute, and of the decision of the village authority.
(3) The Appellate Court shall, if necessary, examine the parties and if the decision appears to be just, shall affirm and enforce the decision as its own. If the Appellate Court sees grounds to doubt the justice of the decision it shall try the case de novo or refer it to a Panchayat; in any case so referred, the provisions of Section 38 shall apply as if the parties had agreed to submit to arbitration.
An appeal shall lie to the Deputy Commissioner from any decision, original or appellate, of an Assistant Commissioner.
An appeal shall lie to the High Court from an original decision of the Deputy Commissioner if the value of the suit is not less than Rs. 500 or if the suit involves a question of tribal rights or customs, or of the right to, or possession of, immovable property.
An appeal which lies to the Deputy Commissioner or High Court may be presented to the Assistant Commissioner who shall, if it is in order and presented in due time, endorse upon the date of receipt of transmit with the records of the case to the Deputy Commissioner.
The High Court may, on application or otherwise, call for the proceedings of any original case or appeal decided by the Deputy Commissioner, and not appealable under this Regulation and may pass such orders as it may deem fit.
Every petition of appeal under Section 47 or Section 48, and every application under Section 50 shall be accompanied by a copy of the order against which the appeal or application is made, and shall be filed within thirty days of the date of such order, excluding the time taken in procuring a copy of the orders.
The High Court, the Court of Deputy Commissioner/Assistant Commissioner shall be guided by the spirit/ but shall not be bound by the letter, of the Code of Civil Procedure , 1908 (Act 5 of 1908), and shall follow subject to any express provisions of these rules, the principles of Indian Limitation Act, 1908 (Act 9 of 1908) in disputes between persons who are not indigenous to the Tracts.
(1) If any decree is modified or amended as a result of an appeal or of an order under Section 50 the decree as so modified or amended shall, for the purposes of execution, be deemed to be the decree of the original court.
(2) Decrees against persons residents beyond the jurisdiction of the Court, if satisfaction cannot be obtained within the Tract, shall be transferred for execution to a Court having jurisdiction.
Houses, necessary clothing, cooking utensils, or implements whereby the owner of his family subsist, shall not be attached, sold or transferred in execution of a decree, unless the house or other so exempted is the actual subject matter of the suit. Land may be sold or temporarily transferred where custom admits of individual’s rights in it being recognised.
No person shall be imprisoned for debt, except when the Deputy Commissioner is satisfied that the has made a fraudulent disposition or concealment of property. In such case the debtor may be detained for a period not exceeding six months.
(1) No pleader shall be allowed to appear in any case before the village authorities.
(2) No pleader shall be allowed to appear in the Court of the Deputy Commissioner or Assistant Commissioner except with the Deputy Commissioner’s permission. Such permission shall not be refused if the defendant at the time the cause of action arose resided beyond the jurisdiction of the Court in an area where the appearance of pleader is not restricted.
(3) The High Court may, by special leave, permit any pleader to appear in any case before it.
(1) In criminal cases before the Deputy Commissioner/ Assistant Commissioner, oaths shall be administered to all witnesses when the accused is charged with murder, but not in other cases unless either party so require/other Court so determine.
(2) In civil suits before the Deputy Commissioner/Assistant Commissioner, oaths shall not be administered to parties or witnesses unless either party so require/or the Court so determine.
(3) When an oath is administered it shall be in the manner which the Court considers most being on the conscience of the person making it.
Any person who gives false evidence in any criminal case or civil suit whether as a party or a witness, and whether after an oath has been administered to him or otherwise, shall be deemed to have given false evidence within the meaning of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 (Act 45 of 1860).
The Deputy Commissioner/ Assistant Commissioner shall in all criminal cases and civil suits be guided by the general principles of the Indian Evidence Act 1 of 1872.
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