ASSAM LAND AND REVENUE REGULATION, 1886
(1) This Regulation may be called the Assam Land and Revenue Regulation, 1886; and (2) It shall come into force on such dates and in such territories under the administration of the State Government of Assam as the Government may direct by notification in the official Gazette :Provide that —any such notification may declare that any portion of this Regulation shall not be in force in any territory to which the Regulation may be extended; andthe State Government may direct by notification in the official Gazette that any portion of this Regulation shall cease to be in force in any territory to which the Regulation may have been extended.The State Government may in like manner, amend, vary or rescind any notification issued under sub-section (2).
On and from the date on which this Regulation comes into force in any territory, the enactments mentioned in the schedule here to annexed in so far as they apply to, or are in force in that territory, and all regulations and rules (if any) in force there relating to any of the matters provided for by this Regulation, shall be repealed.Provided that —this repeal shall not revive any enactment repealed or affect anything done, or any offence committed, or any fine or penalty incurred, or any proceedings commenced before this Regulation comes into force; andall rules prescribed, appointments and settlements made, powers conferred and notification published under any enactment hereby repealed, and all other rules (if any) in force on the date on which this Regulation comes into force relating to any of the matters hereinafter dealt with, shall (so far as they are consistent with this
In this Regulation, unless there is something repugnant in the subject or context,—(a) “the commencement” of this Regulation, used with reference to any local area, means the date on which it comes into force in that local area:(b) “estate” includes—(1) any land subject, either immediately prospectively, to the payment of land revenue, or the discharge of which a separate engagement has been entered into ;(2) any land subject to the payment of, or assessed with a separate amount as and revenue, although an engagement has been entered into with the Government for that amount;(3) any local area for the appropriation of the produce or products whereof a licence or form has been granted under rules made by the State Government under Section 155, Cl. (e) or Cl.(f):(4) any char or island thrown up in a navigabl
This Chapter shall apply to all land except the following:land included in any forest constituted as reserved forest under the law for the time being in force; any land which the State Government may, by notification, exempt from the operation of this Chapter.
(1) When the boundaries of any land exempted under Section 4 from the operation of this Chapter need definition for the purposes of that section, and no other mode of defining them is provided by law, the State Government shall cause them to be defined by the Deputy Commissioner. (2) If, before the boundaries are defined, any question arises as to whether any land is included within them, it shall be decided by the Deputy Commissioner.(3) The order by which a Deputy Commissioner defines any boundaries or decides any question under this section shall, subject to the provisions of Section 151 of this Regulation, be final.
No right of any description shall be deemed to have been, or shall be acquired by any person over any land to which this Chapter applies, except the following :rights of proprietors, land-holders and settlement-holders other than land-holders, as defined in the Regulation, and other rights acquired in the manner provided by this Regulation:rights legally derived from any right mentioned in Cl.(a);rights acquired under Sections. 26 and 27 of the Indian Limitation Act, 1877;rights acquired by any person as tenant under the Rent law for the time being in force:Provided that nothing in this section shall be held to derogate from the terms of any lease granted by or on behalf of the Government.
Proprietors shall, subject to the provisions of this Regulation, have the same rights and enjoy the same privileges in respect of lands included in their estates as they have at the commencement of this Regulation.
(1)(a) Any person who has, before the commencement of this Regulation, held immediately under the Government for ten years continuously any land not included either in a permanently-settled estate or in a revenue- free estate, and who has during that period paid to the Government the revenue due thereon, or held the same under an express exemption from revenue : and(b) Except as provided by Section 15, any person who has, whether before or after the commencement of this Regulation, acquired any such land under a lease granted by or on behalf of the Government, the term of which is not less than ten years, shall be deemed to have acquired the status of a landholder in respect of the land.(2) When land held by one person has come immediately by transfer or succession to be held by another, the holding shall, for the purposes of sub-section (1), Cl. (a), be deemed to have
A land-holder shall have a permanent, heritable and transferable right of use and occupancy in his and, subject to —the payment of all revenue, taxes, cesses and rates from time to time legally assessed or imposed in respect of land;the reservation in favour of the Government of all quarries and of all mines, minerals and mineral oils, and of all hurried treasure, with full liberty to search for and work the same, paying to the land-holder only compensation for the surface damage as estimated by the Deputy Commissioner; andthe special conditions of any engagement into which the landholder may have entered with the Government.
Any land-holder who, after the commencement of this Regulation, voluntarily relinquishes any land and ceases to pay the revenue assessed thereon shall at once for felt his status of land-holder in respect of that land.
A settlement-holder who is not a land-holder, shall have no rights in the land held by him beyond such as are expressed in his settlement lease.
In the case of any land over which no person has the rights of a proprietor, land-holder or settlement-holder under this Regulation, the State Government may make rules to provide for—(1) the disposal by way of grant, lease or otherwise of such land;(2) the ejectment of any person who has entered into unauthorized occupation of such land ; and(3) the disposal of any crop raised, or any building or other construction erected without authority on such land.
The State Government may make rules for the allotment from the land referred to in Section 12 of grazing grounds to the inhabitants of any village in the neighbor-hood whom they consider to stand in need of such allotment, and for regulating and controlling the enjoyment of those grazing grounds by person permitted to resort thereto.
Section 13 of the Assam Land and Revenue Regulation, 1886, pertains to the authority of the government to formulate rules related to the allotment of grazing grounds. This provision plays a significant role in regulating land use for pastoral and tribal communities within Assam, ensuring the systematic management of grazing lands.
Section 13 grants the State Government the power to make rules for the allotment of grazing grounds from lands specified under Section 12. It emphasizes the administrative control over the distribution of grazing lands to various communities, including tribes practicing jhum or migratory cultivation.
The section itself primarily confers rule-making powers; it does not specify direct punishments. However, violations of rules made under this section, such as unauthorized occupation or misuse of grazing grounds, can attract penalties as prescribed in the rules or other relevant provisions of the regulation.
This commentary synthesizes available legal sources and interpretations to provide a comprehensive understanding of Section 13 of the Assam Land and Revenue Regulation, 1886.
The State Government may make rules for the allotment from the land referred to in Section 12, for the use of tribes or families practising jhum or migratory cultivation, or areas suitable for such cultivation, of sufficient extent, and situated in localities reasonably convenient for the purposes of the persons to whom they are allotted, and for regulating and controlling the enjoyment of lands so allotted by persons permitted to resort to the same.
No person shall acquire, by length of possession or otherwise, any right over lands disposed of or allotted under Section 12, Section 13 or Section 14 beyond that which is given by the rules made under the section
The Deputy Commissioner, with the previous sanction of the State Government , may, by proclamation published in the prescribed manner, declare any collection of water, running or still, to be a fishery ; and no right in any fishery so declared shall be deemed to have been acquired by the public or any person, either before or after the commencement of this Regulation, except as provided in the rules made under Section 155:Provided that nothing in this section shall affect any express grant of a right to fish made by or on behalf of the Government or on any fishery rights acquired by a proprietor before the commencement of this Regulation, or the acquisition by a proprietor of such rights in any fishery farming after the commencement of this Regulation in his estate.
Settlement operations may consist of one or more of the following:(a) survey and demarcation ;(b) assessment of land revenue of the land;(c) record-of-rights.
(1) When any local area or class of estates is to be settled, the State Government may issue a notification of settlement, and in the notification shall— (a) define the local area or class of estates to be settled ; and(b) specify the settlement operations to be carried out. (2) The State Government may amend or alter any such notification.
Period during which local area is held to be under settlement.—(1) Every local area or class of estates shall be held to be under settlement from the date of any notification published under Section 18 and relating thereto, until the issue of another notification declaring settlement operations to be closed therein. (2) Every local area or class of estate under settlement at the commencement of this Regulation shall be deemed to be under settlement within the meaning of his section without the issue of the notification prescribed by Section 18.
Power of State Government to exclude any local area, etc., from the operation of any portion of this Chapter.—The State Government may, by rule, direct that this Chapter or any one or more sections or portions of sections thereof shall not apply to any local area or to the settlement of any particular class of estates.Note.—It has been declared by Settlement Rule 96-A— (1) that the following portions of the following sections of the Regulation shall not apply to the settlement of any area or estate in the Assam Valley or in the district of Cachar excluding Karimganj Sub-division, viz., — (i) sub-section (2) of Section 33 ;(ii) sub-section (3) of Section 33 so far as it relates to delivery of an acceptance;(iii) Proviso (b) to Section 34 ; and (2) that in addition, Sections. 18 and 19 shall not apply to any area or estate to the Assam Va
The Assam Land and Revenue Regulation, 1886, serves as a foundational legal framework governing land revenue and management in Assam. Section R.20 specifically addresses the obligations and penalties related to the maintenance of boundary marks on land.
Section R.20 mandates that any permanent boundary mark lawfully erected on land must be maintained. If such a mark is injured, destroyed, or removed, the proprietor is responsible for its repair or replacement.
The scope of Section R.20 extends to all landowners within Assam, emphasizing the legal obligation to maintain boundary markers that delineate property lines. This regulation is crucial for preventing disputes over land ownership and ensuring clarity in land demarcation.
While the specific penalties for non-compliance with Section R.20 are not detailed in the provided sources, it is implied that failure to adhere to the maintenance of boundary marks could lead to legal repercussions, including fines or other penalties as determined by relevant authorities.
Every proprietor and settlement-holder of any land and every person entitled to receive rent in respect of any land or occupying any land as a tenant, shall, on the written requisition of a Survey Officer, furnish, personally or otherwise, as the Survey Officer directs, such information or assistance as may be required by that officer for the purposes of the survey of the land.
(1) Every proprietor and land-holder of any land, and every person entitled to receive rent in respect of any land, shall, on the written requisition of a Survey Officer, erect and repair such boundary-marks on the land as the Survey Officer directs. (2) If any person on whom a requisition has been made under sub-section (1) fails to erector repair any boundary-mark mentioned in the requisition, the Survey Officer may erect or repair it.
(1) Whenever in the course of survey it comes to the knowledge of the Survey Officer that any boundary dispute exists, he shall notify the same to the Settlement Officer, who shall proceed as follows :if the dispute is between the proprietors of different estates, the Settlement Officer shall decide it on the basis of actual possession; or if he is unable to satisfy himself as to which party is in possession he may determine by summary inquiry who is the person best entitled to possession, and may put him in possession ; or he may refer the dispute to arbitration for decision on the merits, as provided in Section 143 ;if the dispute is between the settlement-holders of different estates, the Settlement Officer shall, after the inquiry, determine the proper boundaries of those estates ;if the dispute is between the Government and any settlement-holder as to whether any land is co
Whenever the Settlement Officer has determined a dispute under Section 23 and the order has become final or h as been altered by a decree or order of any competent Court or authority which has become final and whenever it comes to the notice of the Survey Officer that any boundary has been determined by a competent Court or authority, the Survey Officer may cause such marks as he may think fit to be erected in order to secure the boundary permanently.Note.—In the course of the original cadastral survey of the plains portions of Assam, conducted between the years 1883 and 1897 by a professional party of the Government of India, Survey Department, the boundaries of the permanently-settled and revenue free estates and also of waste land grants, as then existing, were surveyed and as far as possible, demarcated. In their letter No. 2709—23Rule, dated the 22nd July, 1895, Government have declared that th
Any person wilfully destroying, removing or damaging any boundary-mark (not being a land-mark fixed by the authority of a public servant within the meaning of Section 434 of the Indian Penal Code) which has been lawfully erected shall be punished with fine which may extend to two hundred rupees for each mark so destroyed, removed or damaged, in addition to such sum as may be necessary to defray the expense of restoring the boundary-mark so destroyed, removed, or damaged.Note.—Action shall usually be taken in accordance with this section when any boundary-mark erected under Sections. 22 and 24 and statutory Rule 100 of the Regulation is destroyed, removed or damaged. Action may be taken under the provisions of 434 of the Indian Penal Code also, when the section applies and the offence is of a grave nature.
If a permanent boundary-mark lawfully erected on any land, or on the boundary hereof, is injured, destroyed or removed, or requires repairs, the proprietor or settlement-holder of the land and every person entitled to receive rent in respect of the same or occupying it as a tenant, shall be bound to give immediate notice of the fact to the prescribed Revenue Officer; and every person who omits to give notice as required by this section shall be liable to a fine, not exceeding one hundred rupees, to be imposed by order of the Deputy Commissioner.
The State Government may make rules prescribing the mode in which any survey conducted under the provisions of this Part shall be effected, and the manner in which all the cost of such a survey, compensation due on account of anything done under the orders of a Survey Officer, and all expenses incurred under this part in erecting and repairing boundary-marks, shall be apportioned among and levied from proprietors and land-holders and persons entitled to receive rent in respect of land.Note.—The rules which have been framed by the State Government under Sections. 27 and 152 for the recovery of the cost of the cost of survey and boundary marks will be found in Part II, Chapter III.
All land shall be deemed liable to be assessed to revenue, except— (a) land for the time being exempt from assessment under the express terms of any grant made or confirmed by, or on behalf of the Government;(b) land in respect of which a tax is for the time being imposed under Section 47:Provided that nothing in this section shall —(1) affect the provisions of any settlement, grant or lease for the time being in force;(2) authorize the assessment of any land included in the limits of a permanently-settled estate, unless it is shown that it was not included in the permanent settlement;(3) affect any title to hold land revenue-free if the title existed immediately before the commencement of this Regulation and was valid under the law then in force ; or(4) authorize the assessment of any land which has bee
The State Government may make rules prescribing the principles on which the land revenue is to be assessed, the term for which, and the conditions on which, settlements are to be made, and the manner in which the Settlement Officer is to report for sanction his rates and method of assessment.Notes.—(1) The term “settlement” in Assam has two distinct meanings, firstly, the allotment of unoccupied land at a revenue assessment calculated at fixed rates, and secondly, the modification of the rates at which occupied land has been assessed, and at which unoccupied land will be assessed. The latter process is distinctively known as “re-settlement”.Note.—(2) For the rules framed under this section, see Part II, Chapter I.
The Settlement Officer shall, in accordance with the rules issued under Section 29, frame general proposals of assessment for any local area or class of estates to be assessed, and submit those proposals to the State Government.
After the receipt of the orders of the State Government thereon, subject to such orders, the Settlement Officer shall ascertain, and make an order, determining the amount of the assessment, proper for each estate, and shall, on a date and at a place to be notified by proclamation in the prescribed manner, offer a settlement based thereon to the person with whom the settlement of the estate is to be made.
(1) The Settlement Officer shall offer the settlement to such person (if any) as he finds to be in possession of the estate and to have a permanent heritable right of use and occupancy in the same, or to be in possession as mortgagees of persons having such a right. (2) If the Settlement Officer finds no person in possession as aforesaid, it shall be in his discretion, subject to such rules as the State Government may make under Section 12, to offer the settlement to any person he thinks fit.
(1) It shall be in the option of the person to whom a settlement is offered to accept or refuse the same. (2) If he is willing to accept, he shall deliver to the Settlement Officer as acceptance in writing under his hand, in prescribed form.Note.—Vide Rule 63 in Part II, Chapter I, Section III and Form No. 13. (3) If a person to whom a settlement has been offered does not, within the prescribed time, deliver such an acceptance or inform the Settlement Officer in the prescribed manner that he refuses the proposed settlement, he shall, if the Settlement Officer by an order in writing so directs, be deemed to have accepted the settlement.
When a settlement has been accepted, the revenue fixed thereby and no more shall be payable from such date and for such term, as the State Government may fix in this behalf :Provided that —(a) the revenue shall be liable to revision according to the law for the time being in force ;(b) a settlement shall not be final as against the Government until it has been sanctioned by the State Government;(c) in the case of gain by alluvion, or by dereliction of a river, or loss by deluvion, during the currency of the settlement, increment shall be assessed and reductions granted by the Deputy Commissioner according to such limitations as to the extent of the gain or loss and such other conditions as may be prescribed ; and(d) in any local area to which the State Government may, by notification, apply this clause, a settlement-holder may after giving notice at t
Notwithstanding anything contained in the Assam Land and Revenue Regulation 1886, and the rules framed thereunder or in any other law for the time being in force the State Government may, on its own motion or otherwise, for reasons to be recorded in writing, at any time, order revision of the rates of revenue for a local area or class of estates, both for town and areas other than town land as per rules to be prescribed.
If the person to whom a settlement is offered refuses to accept it, it shall be in the discretion of the Settlement Officer, subject to such rules as the State Government may make under Section 12, to exclude him for the terms of the settlement from possession of the estate, and to offer the settlement thereof to any other person he thinks fit.
In the case of an estate held by several persons jointly entitled to an offer of settlement, if some of those persons refuse to accept the offer, it shall be in the discretion of the Settlement Officer to exclude them from possession for the term of settlement and to offer the settlement of the whole estate to the others.
(1) When the whole or part of the land comprised in an estate is held in severalty, the Settlement Officer shall, on the application of any one or more of the settlement-holders make an order apportioning to several holdings the revenue assessed on the estate.(2) Except as provided by sub-section (1), a Settlement Officer shall not apportion the revenue of an estate over the lands comprised therein unless he is required so to do by rules made by the State Government in this behalf.(3) No apportionment of the revenue by the Settlement Officer shall affect the joint and several liability for the revenue imposed by Section 63.
(1) A lunatic, minor or other person incapable of making a contract, shall be deemed to be duly represented for all the purposes of this Part by his manager.(2) A body of persons for whom representatives have been appointed in this behalf under rules made under Section 155, Cl. (d), shall be deemed to be duly represented for all the purposes of this Part by those representatives.
Subject to the provisions of Section 151 of this Regulation the order of a Settlement Officer as to the person to whom a settlement should be offered, the amount of revenue to be assessed, and the nature and term of the settlement to be offered, shall be final and settlement concluded with that person shall be binding on all persons from time to time interested in the estate; but, except as provided by Sections. 35 and 36, no person shall, merely on the ground that a settlement has been made with him or with some person through whom he claims, be deemed to have acquired any right to or over any estate, as against any other person claiming rights to or over that estate.
The Settlement Officer shall frame for each estate a record-of-rights in prescribed manner.Note.—The record-of-rights is the jamabandi based on the chitha and the field map.
(1) Entries in the record made under Section 40 shall be founded on the basis of actual possession and all disputes regarding such entries, whether taken up by the Settlement Officer of his own motion or on the application of party concerned, shall be investigated and decided by him on that basis and all person not in possession, but claiming the right to be so, shall be referred by him to the proper Court.(2) Every entry in the record-of -rights made under this section shall, until the contrary is proved, be presumed to be correct.
Notwithstanding anything contained in Section 41, in case of any dispute respecting the class of any tenant under the Rent Law for the time being in force, or the amount of rent payable by such tenant, the Settlement Officer shall decide the dispute, or, where the rent is open to alteration, fix the rent according to the principles laid down in the said Rent Law, and, subject to provisions of Section 151 of this Regulation, his order shall be final.Note.—The Rent Law in force in the Karimganj Sub-division is the Sylhet Tenancy Act (Assam Act XI of 1936) ; in the permanently settled portions of the Goalpara district it is the Goalpara Tenancy Act (Assam Act I of 1929), and in the other parts of the State it is the Assam Temporarily Settled Area Tenancy Act (Assam Act XXIII of 1971).
Whenever a Deputy Commissioner has reason to believe that any land within his jurisdiction is being held wholly or partially free of assessment and is liable to be assessed under Section 28, he may institute an inquiry, and the person claiming the land shall be bound to prove his title to hold the same wholly or partially free of assessment as the case may be.
The result of every inquiry instituted by the Deputy Commissioner under Section 43 shall be reported to the State Government for orders in the prescribed manner.
(l) In any case report to the State Government under Section 44, if the State Government declare the land not liable to assessment, their order shall be final except on proof of fraud or collusion on the part of or on behalf of the person interested.(2) If the State Government declare the land liable to assessment, the Deputy Commissioner shall inform the person interested of the State Governments decision, and shall proceed to assess the land in accordance with the rules made under Section 29 and to settle it with the person in possession.
Any person, whose lands are assessed by order of the State Government passed under Section 45 may, at any time within one year from the date of his being informed of the State Governments order, institute a suit in the Civil Court to have the order set aside, failing which the order shall be final.
(1) The State Government may direct that in lieu of the revenue assessable on any land there shall be collected an annual tax on each male person who has completed the age of eighteen years taking part in the cultivation of the land at any time during the year of assessment, or on each family or house of persons taking part a aforesaid.(2) The rates of the tax, the class of persons upon whom, and the localities and mode in which, it may be assessed, shall be determined by the State Government.
(1) The Deputy Commissioner of every district shall prepare and keep the following registers :(a) a general register of revenue-paying estates;(b) a general register of revenue-free estates ; and(c) such other registers as the State Government may direct.(2) The registers shall be written in the prescribed form and language, and shall be prepared, arranged, kept and maintained in the prescribed manner.Note.—For the general registers prescribed under this section, see the rules framed under Chapter IV.
Until registers are prepared for any tract under Section 48, the State Government may direct that any registers kept by or under the control of the Deputy Commissioner at the commencement of this Regulation shall be deemed to e registers prepared under that sectionNote.—(1) The forms of general register prescribed in the rules under Chapter IV of the Regulation, in accordance with Section 48, have been written up for waste land grants and revenue-free estates throughout the State and for permanently-settled estates in Goalpara. (2) They have not been written up for permanently settled estates in Karimganj sub-division of Cachar District. It has been decided that it would be a waste of time and labour to attempt the preparation of a general register of permanently-settled estates in the absence of a cadastral survey of the sub-division. It has also been impossible to substitute any register
After the commencement of this Regulation—(a) every proprietor or land-holder succeeding to any estate, or share in an estate, whether by transfer or inheritance, and obtaining possession of the same;(b) every joint proprietor or joint land-holder, of any estate assuming charge of the estate or of any share therein on behalf of the other proprietors or land-holders thereof;(c) every, person assuming charge of any estate of a proprietor or land-holder, or of any share therein as manager; and(d) every mortgagee obtaining possession of any estate of a proprietor or land-holder, or of any share therein; shall, within six months from the date of taking possession or assumption of charge, apply to the Deputy Commissioner of the district on the general of charge, apply to the Deputy Commissioner of the district on the general registers of which the e
Every person who, at the commencement of this Regulation, is in the possession of-an estate or any share in an estate as proprietor or land-holder, or as manager of the estate of a proprietor or land-holder, or as manager of the estate of a proprietor or land#31;holder, or as mortgagee, may apply to the Deputy Commissioner of the district on the general register of which the estate is borne for registration of his name as such proprietor, land-holder, manager or mortgagee and of the nature and extent of the interest in respect of which the application is made.
(1) On receiving an application under Section 50 or Section 51, the Deputy Commissioner shall, if he considers there are sufficient grounds for proceeding with the application, publish a notice requiring all persons who object to the registration of the name of the applicant, or who dispute the nature or extent of the interest in respect of which registration is applied for, to give a written statement of their objections, and to appear on a day to be specified in the notice, not being less than one moth from the date thereof.(2) If the application alleges that the applicant has acquired possession of the estate, or share in an estate in respect of which he applies to be registered by transfer from any person, a copy of the notice shall be served on the alleged transferor, or, if he is dead, upon his heirs.
On the day fixed in the notice issued under Section 52, or as soon thereafter as possible, the Deputy Commissioner shall consider any objections which may be advanced, and, after such further inquiry (if any) as appears necessary to ascertain the truth of the succession, assumption of charge or possession alleged in the application, shall, if it appears to him that the succession accompanied by possession has taken place or that charge has been assumed or that the applicant is in possession, as the case may be, make an order directing the registration.Note.—In uncontested cases evidence need not be recorded unless the registering officer considers inquiry by the examination of witnesses necessary as to the fact of possession.
(1) Notwithstanding anything contained in Sections, 50 to 53, where the Deputy Commissioner has received information, otherwise than through an application, of any such taking of possession or assumption of charge as is referred to in Section 50, he may make an order directing the registration of the name of the person so taking possession or assuming charge : Provided that—(a) the information has been verified by local inquiry made by an officer not below the rank of an Assistant Settlement Officer, or(b) notice has been published and inquiry has been held in the manner prescribed by Sections. 52 and 53 as if an application for registration had been received from the person to whom the information relates.(2) Where any person is aggrieved by an order directing registration under this section which has been made after verification of the information received by local
If, in the course of an inquiry made under Section 53, a dispute regarding the fact of possession arises and the Deputy Commissioner is unable to satisfy himself as to who is in possession, he shall ascertain by summary inquiry who is the party best entitled to possession, and shall put him in possession and make the necessary entry in proper register accordingly.Note.—(1) Orders should not be passed under this section on the summary local inquiry of Sub-Deputy Collector.(2) Officers conducting summary registration inquiries under Sections. 53 and 54 should not let them drift into full and regular inquiries such as would have to be held in order to dispose of the matter finally in the Civil Court. It is necessary also to avoid going to the opposite extreme. The question of how deeply Revenue Officers should go into the matter is one of degree and can only be determined by plain common-sens
After the commencement of this Regulation, if any person holds a talukdari or other similar tenure which has been created since the time of the permanent settlement, and is held immediately from the proprietor of a permanently settled estate may apply to the Deputy Commissioner to have the tenure registered.
(1) On receiving an application under Section 55 the Deputy Commissioner shall serve a notice on the recorded proprietors of the estate in which the tenure is situated, and shall also publish a general notice requiring the proprietors or any persons interested, who object to the application, to file within thirty days from the date of the notice a written statement of their objections.(2) If within the time specified an objection is made, the Deputy Commissioner shall register the tenure.(3) If within the time specified an objection is made by any recorded proprietor, or by any person interested not being a proprietor, the Deputy Commissioner shall examine the person so objecting and, if it appears that he has probable ground of objection, shall suspend proceedings and refer the parties to the Civil Court.(4) Provided that no tenure shall be registered under this s
On any registry under this Chapter, fees may be levied from the person in whose favour the registration is made at the prescribed rates.Note.—For the rates prescribed see Rule 126 of the rule framed under this Chapter in Part II.
(1) If any person, being required by Section 50 to apply for registration, voluntarily or negligently omits to do so within the time specified in that section he shall be liable to a fine, to be imposed by the Deputy Commissioner which may extend to five times the amount of fee which would be payable under Section 57 for registration and to such further daily fine as the Deputy Commissioner may think fit to impose, not exceeding one rupee for each day during which the person omits to apply for registration after a date to be fixed by the Deputy Commissioner in a notice requiring him to apply for registration; and(2) A person required by Section 50 to apply for registration shall not acquire, or be deemed to have acquired, as against the Government any interest in land as proprietor, land-holder, manager or mortgagee, or be entitled to prefer any claim against the Government in respect of such inte
(1) No person shall be bound to pay rent to any person claiming it as proprietor, land-holder, manager or mortgagee in possession of an estate, unless the name of the claimant has been registered under this Chapter.(2) No person, being liable to pay rent to two or more such proprietors, land-holders, managers or mortgagee more than the amount which bears the same proportion to the whole of the rent as the extent of the share in respect of which the proprietor, land-holder, manager or mortgagee is registered bears to the entire estate.Note.—(1) It is immaterial whether the estate-holder was registered before the Assam Land and Revenue Regulation came into force or not. He must apply again for registration under the Regulation if he withes to establish a legal claim to rent.Note.—(2) The permanently-settled portion of Karimganj Sub- division was withdrawn along
Subject to the prescribed condition and to payment of the prescribed fees, all registers kept under this Chapter shall be open to public inspection, and subject as aforesaid, the Deputy Commissioner shall supply an extract from any such register to any person who may apply for the same.Note.—For the fees, etc., prescribed under this section see Rule 129 of Part II, Chapter IV.
Whenever any sum of money is payable (otherwise than under the Land Acquisition Act, 1894) by the Deputy Commissioner to two or more proprietor., land-holders, managers or mortgagees is possession of an estate, the Deputy Commissioner may pay to any one or more recorded proprietors, land-holders, managers or mortgagees thereof, respectively, such portions of the said sum as may be proportionate to the extent of the interest in respect of which each such proprietor, land-holder, manner or mortgagee is registered, and the receipt of each such proprietor, land-holder, manager or mortgagee shall afford full indemnity to the Deputy Commissioner in respect of any sum so paid.
Nothing contained in this Chapter and nothing done in accordance therewith shall be deemed to —(a) preclude any person from bringing a suit in the Civil Court for possession of, or for declaration to his right to any immovable property to which he may deem himself entitled, or(b) render the entry of any land in any register under this Chapter as revenue-free an admission on the part of the Government of the right of the person in whose name the land may be entered, or an admission of the validity of the title under which the said land is held revenue-free.
Land revenue payable in respect of any estate shall be due jointly and severally from all persons who had been in possession of the estate or any part of it during any portion of the agricultural year in respect of which that revenue is payable.
When tax is imposed on a family or house in respect of the cultivation of any land, the amount due for any year of assessment from the family or house shall be jointly and severally liable from all males of the family or house who, at any time during the year, being then above the age of eighteen years, took any part in the cultivation of the land.
(1) When there are several recorded proprietors of a permanently settled estate, any one of them whether he is entitled to a share of the estate or to particular lands comprised therein, may, if he desires to pay his share or portion of the revenue separately, submit a written application to that effect to the Deputy Commissioner specifying his share of the estate or the particular lands therein to which he is entitled and when he claims particular lands the portion of the revenue for which, as between him and his co-proprietors, he is liable.(2) The Deputy Commissioner shall then publish a notice requiring all persons who object to the application to appear within six weeks from the date of the notice and give in a written statement of their objections.(3) If within the period specified in the notice no objection is made by any recorded co-proprietor of t
Every sum payable under this Regulation on account of land-revenue, shall fall due on such date and shall be payable in such manner, in such instalments, at such place and to such person, as may be prescribed.
Land-revenue not paid on the date when it falls due shall be deemed to be an arrear ; and every person liable for it shall be deemed to be a defaulter.Notice of demand
( When an arrear has accrued, an additional charge by way of penalty not exceeding one rupee may be levied.(2) If the arrear is not in respect of a permanently-settled estate, the prescribed officer may in his discretion, before employing any of the processes for enforcing payment prescribed by this Chapter, issue a notice of demand, calling on the defaulter to pay the amount within a time specified :Provided that, in such classes of cases, not being cases in which an arrear has accrued in respect of a permanently settled estate as the State Government may direct in this behalf, the prescribed officer shall not employ any such process for enforcing payment as aforesaid, until he has issued a notice of demand and the defaulter has failed to pay the arrear within the time specified in such notice.Note.—(1) For the “prescribed officer” referred to in this section ,see Rul
(1) The Deputy Commissioner may, for the recovery of an arrear, order the attachment and sale of so much of a defaulters movable property as will, as nearly as may be, defray the arrear..(2) Every such attachment and sale shall be conducted according to the law for the time being in force for the attachment and sale of movable property undera decree of a Civil Court, subject to such modifications thereof as may be prescribed by rules framed by the State Government for proceeding under the Assam Land and Revenue Regulation.(3) Nothing in this section shall authorise the attachment and sale of necessary wearing apparel, implement of husbandry, tools of artisans, material of houses and other buildings belonging to and occupied by agriculturists, or of such cattle or seed-grain as may be necessary to enable the defaulter to earn his livelihood as an agriculturist.Note.—Wh
(1) When an arrear has accrued in respect of a temporarily-settled estate, the Deputy Commissioner, with the previous sanction of the Commissioner, may attach the estate, and may take it under his own management or may let it in farm.(2) During the continuance of such attachment, the settlement- holder shall be excluded from possession of the land attached, and the Deputy Commissioner or the person to whom it is let in farm by the Deputy Commissioner shall have all the rights of the settlement-holder to manage the estate, and to realise the rents and profits arising there from.(3) The surplus profits of the estate, after defraying the cost of attachment and of collection, shall be applied, first to the payment of any revenue becoming due in respect of such estate during the attachment, and, next to discharging the arrear for the recovery of which the Attachment was made.(4)
(1) when an arrear has accrued in respect of any estate pertaining to a religious institution, the Deputy Commissioner after consultation with the Managing Committee of the religious institution, if there be any, may with the previous sanction of the Commissioner each such estate and may take it under his own management or may let it out in farm.(2) Whenever the Deputy Commissioner attaches under Sub- Section (1) an estate pertaining to a religious institution to which another estate or other estates in the same district pertain, the Deputy Commissioner may, with the previous sanction of the State Government, also attach such other estate or some or all of such other estates and take it or them under his own management or let it or them out in farm.(3) During the continuance of an attachment under Sub-Section (1) or (2), the settlement-holder, or when an estate is lakheraj or revenue-f
When an arrear has accrued in respect of a permanently-settled estate or of an estate in which the settlement-holder has a permanent, heritable and transferable right of use and occupancy, the Deputy. Commissioner may sell the estate by auction :Provided that—(1) except when the State Government by general order applicable to any local area or any class of cases, or by special order, otherwise direct, an estate which is not permanently-settled shall not be sold unless the Deputy Commissioner is of opinion that the process provided for in Section 69 is not sufficient for the recovery of the arrear;(2) if the arrear has accrued on a separate account opened under Section 65, only the shares or lands comprised in that account shall in the first place be put up to sale; and, if the highest bid does not cover the arrear, the Deputy Commissioner shall stop the sale, and direct that
Property sold under Section 10 shall be sold free of all incumbrances previously created thereon by any other person than the purchaser :Provide that — first, nothing in this section shall apply—(a) in a permanently-settled estate,—(1) to tenures which have been held from the time of the permanent settlement; or(2) to tenures held immediately of the proprietors which have been created since the permanent settlement and which have been registered under Chapter IV :(b) in any estate, to tenures created bona fide and at a rent not less than the full amount of the revenue fairly payable in respect of the land ;secondly, nothing in this section shall entitle a purchaser to reject any tenant having a right of occupancy under the Rent Law for the time being in force, or to enhance the rent of any such tenant otherwise than in the manner prescribed b
(1) If the Deputy Commissioner proceeds to sell any property under Section 70, he shall prepare a statement in manner prescribed, specifying the property which will be sold, the time and place of sale, the revenue assessed on the property and any other particulars which he may think necessary.(2) A list of all estates for which a settlement has been prepared under Sub-Section (1) shall be published in manner prescribed, and the copy of the statement relating to every such estate shall be open to inspection by the public free of charge in the manner prescribed.(3) If the revenue of any estate for which a statement has been prepared under sub-section (1) exceeds five hundred rupees, a copy of the statement shall be published in the official Gazette.Note.—Sales for arrears need not be published in the Gazette unless the revenue of the shares to be sold for arrears exceeds Rs.
When any property is notified for sale under Section 72, the Deputy Commissioner may publish a proclamation forbidding the tenants of the defaulter to pay the defaulter any rent, which has fallen due since the arrear accrued, on pain of not being entitled to credit in their accounts with the purchaser for any sum so paid.
(1) Every sale under this Chapter shall be made either by the Deputy Commissioner in person, or by an officer specially empowered by the State Government in this behalf.(2) No such sale shall take place on a Sunday or other authorised holiday, or until after the expiration of at least thirty days from the date on which the list of estates has been published under Section 72.Note.—The date of sale should be so fixed that the day preceding the sale is an open day and not a gazetted holiday.(3) The Deputy Commissioner may, from time to time, postpone the sale, and every postponement of sale of a permanently -settled estate shall be reported to the Commissioner or (where there is no Commissioner) to the State Government.
If the defaulter pays the arrear of revenue in respect of which the property as to be sold, and the fee (if any) prescribed in this behalf, at any time before the day fixed for the sale, the sale shall be stayed.Note.—(1) For the fee prescribed under this section see Rules 165 and 169 in Part II, Chapter V, Section III and IV,(2) The Deputy Commissioner of cachar should have a notice stuck up outside his own and Karimganj sub-division at cutcheries warning the public that tender of payment of arrears in respect of Karimganj sub-division on the day of sale will not be accepted except for very special reasons.
Where the arrear has accrued on a separate account opened under Section 5, and a sale of the entire estate has been directed under Section 70, proviso (2), any proprietor of the estate who is not comprised in the separate account may, within ten days from the time at which the direction is given, purchase the share or lands comprised in the separate account by paying the amount of the arrear, and the provision of Section 71 shall, not withstanding the third proviso thereto, apply to such a purchase.Note.—In a case where a separate account had been opened for a portion of an estate and the estate was sold for arrears accruing on the remaining portion, it was held by the State Government that under Section 95 (3) there must necessarily be a separate account for the remaining portion, and therefore a proprietor having any share in that portion is not entitled to purchase the estate under the section
The person declared to be the purchaser at an suction-sale under the foregoing section shall be required to deposit immediately twenty-five per centum on the amount of this bid, and in default of such deposit the property shall forthwith put up and sold.
(1) The full amount of purchase-money shall be paid by the purchaser before sunset of the fifteenth day from the date on which the auction-sale took place or, if that day is a Sunday or other authorized holiday then on the next following office day.(2) In default of payment within that period the deposit, after defraying there out the expenses of the sale, shall be forfeited to the Government, the property shall be re-sold, and the defaulting purchaser shall forfeit all claim to the property or to any part of the sum for which it may be subsequently sold :Provided that no re-sale under this section shall be made unless and until a fresh notice has been issued in the manner prescribed for the original sale.(3) If the proceeds of the sale which is eventually made are less than the price bid by the defaulting purchaser the difference shall be leviable from him under the provisi
(1) Where an estate has been sold under Section 70 or 76 any person may apply at or before noon on the sixtieth day from the date of sale, reckoning the said day of sale as the first of the said sixty-days to have the sale set aside on depositing in the Deputy Commissioners Court—(a) for disposal as directed in sub-section (2), a sum equal to five per cent of the purchase-money up to Rs. 1,000 and to three per cent on the excess over Rs. 1,000 ; provided that such sum shall not be less than one rupee; and(b) for payment to the State Government, the amount specified in the proclamation of sale as that for recovery of which the sale was ordered together with the expenses of the sale.(2) If deposit and application be made as aforesaid, the Deputy Commissioner shall set aside the sale and shall cause to be repaid to the purchaser the purchase-money so far as it has bee
At any time within sixty days from the date of the sale, application in writing may be made to the Deputy Commissioner, to set aside the sale on the ground of some material irregularity or mistake in publishing or conducting it:Provided that no sale shall be set aside on his ground unless the applicant proves to the satisfaction of the Deputy Commissioner that he has sustained substantial injury by reason of the irregularity or mistake complained of ;Provided also that the non-delivery or misdelivery of a registered cover despatched under Section 72, sub-section (5), shall not, for the purposes of this section, be deemed an irregularity or mistake in publishing or conducting the sale.Note.—(1) Before any application is entertained under Section 79 or any recommendation is made under Section 81 of the Regulation for annulment of the sale of an estate
(1) A sale on which the purchase-money has been paid as directed in Section 78, and against which no application under Section 78-A or 79 has been preferred shall, subject to the provisions of Sections. 81 and 82, be final at noon of the sixtieth day from the day of sale, reckoning the said day of sale as the first of the said sixty days.(2) A sale-against which such an application has been preferred and has been dismissed by the Deputy Commissioner shall, subject as aforesaid, be final from the date of the dismissal. If more than sixty days from the day of sale, or if less, then at noon of the sixtieth day as above provided.
The Board may, on application made to them at any time within one year of a sale becoming final under Section 80. set the sale aside on the ground of hardship or injustice.
(1) A sale for arrears of revenue shall not be annulled by a Civil Court except on the ground of its having been made contrary to the provision of this Regulation, and on proof that the plaintiff has sustained substantial injury by reason of the neglect of those provision.(2) A suit to annul such a sale shall not be entertained upon any ground, unless that ground has been specified in an application made to the Deputy Commissioner under Section 79, or unless it is instituted within on year from the date of sale becoming final under Section 80.(3) No person shall be entitled to contest the legality of a sale after having received any portion of the purchase-money.
Nothing in the foregoing sections shall be construed to debar any person, considering himself wronged by any act or omission connected with a sale under this Regulation from his remedy in a suit for damages against the person by whose act or omission he considers himself to have been wronged.
Whenever the sale of any estate is set aside except under Section 78-A the purchaser shall be entitled to receive back from the State Government his purchase money, except the surplus thereof (if any) paid away under the last clause of Section 87, with or without interest, at such rate, not exceeding six per centum per annum, as the State Government think fit.
(1) after a sale has become final, the Deputy Commissioner shall put the purchaser into possession of the property sold, and shall grant him a certificate to the effect that he has purchased the property to which the certificate refers.(2) The certificate shall bear the date on which the sale become final under Section 80, and the title to the property sold shall vest in the purchaser from the date of the certificate and not before.(3) A certificate ranted to a purchaser under this section shall be conclusive evidence in his favour, and in favour of any person claiming under him, that every publication serving, posting or despatch of any statement, list, notice or letter required by this Regulation, or the rules made under it, to be published, served, posted or despatched has been duly effected; and the title of any person who has obtained any such certificate or of any person claimi
The name of the purchaser to be entered in the certificate shall be that of the person declared at the time of sale to be the actual purchaser, and any suit brought in a Civil Court against the certified purchaser on the ground that purchase was made on behalf of another person not the certified purchaser, though by agreement the name of the certified purchaser was used, shall be dismissed with costs.
When a sale has become final under Section 80, the proceeds of the sale shall be applied—first, to defraying the expenses of the sale; secondly, to the payment of the arrear due;thirdly, to the payment of any other arrear due by the same defaulter; and the surplus, if any, shall be paid to the person whose property has been sold, and shall not, except under an order of a Civil Court, be payable to any creditor of that person.Note.—(1) Payment before suit, if made to a wrong person, may subject the Government to a second claim from the rightful owner, but after a Civil Court has given a decree in favour of any person and Government has in compliance therewith paid him, it does not seem probable that any second claim against Government could stand good. Nonetheless, as Government has a residuary right to all unclaimed deposits, this interest alone will justify Government
The person named in the certificate of title as purchaser shall be liable for all instalments of land revenue becoming due in respect of the property purchased subsequently to the accrual of the arrear for the recovery so which the property was sold.
When an estate held by settlement- holders situate in any local area to which the State Government may, by notification, apply this section, is sold under Section 70, any recorded settlement-holders of the estate, not being himself in arrear with regard to the revenue which, as between him and the other settlement-holders, is payable by him, if the lot has been knocked down to a stranger, claim to take the property at the sum last bid :Provided that the claim is made on the day of sale, and before the officer conducting the sale has left the officer for the day, and that the claimant fulfils all the other conditions of the sale.Note.—The provision of this section have been extended to all the plains districts.Annulment of settlement
(1) Where the estate in respect of which the arrear has accrued is not a permanently-settled estate, and is situate in any local area to which the State Government, by notification, apply this section, if the process provided for in Section 69 is not sufficient for the recovery of the arrear, the Deputy Commissioner may, by proclamation published in the prescribed manner annul, the existing settlement of the estate and relinquish the claim of the Government to the arrear:Provided that—(a) if the arrear is in respect of an estate in which the settlement-holder has a permanent, heritable and transferable right of use and occupancy, the Deputy Commissioner shall not, unless the State Government otherwise by rule direct, annul the settlement without the sanction of the State Government ;(b) this section shall not apply to the recovery of any arrear which may have accrued on an e
(1) If an arrear of an estate in which the settlement- holder has not a permanent heritable and transferable right of use and occupancy, cannot be recovered by the process mentioned in Section 69, and an arrear in respect of any other estate cannot be recovered by any of the processes mentioned in this Chapter, and the defaulter is in possession of any immovable property other than the estate in respect of which the arrear has accrued, the Deputy Commissioner may proceed against any of the other property situated within his district according to law for the time being in force for the attachment and sale of immovable property under the decree of a Civil Court.(2) If there is no such other property in his district, the Deputy Commissioner may make under his hand a certificate in the prescribed form, of the amount of the arrear remaining unpaid, and may forward the same to the Deputy Commissioner of a
The costs of serving any notice, proclamation or other process under this Chapter shall be recoverable as part of the arrear in respect of which such process was issued.
Arrears of land revenue due at the commencement of this Regulation shall be recoverable as nearly as may be according to the provisions of this Chapter.
The, provisions of this Chapter shall, so far as may be, apply to the recovery of any sum of money realisable under any enactment for the time being in force as if it were an arrear of land revenue.
The State Government may, from time to time, make rules not inconsistent with this Regulation to provide for the proper performance of all things to be done, and for the regulation of all proceedings to be taken, under this Chapter.Note.—For the rules framed under this Chapter, see Part II, Chapter V.
Partition is either perfect or imperfect. “Perfect partition” means the division of a revenue paying estate into two or more such estates, each separately liable for the revenue assessed thereon. “Imperfect partition” means the division of a revenue-paying estate into two or more portions jointly liable for the revenue assessed on the entire estate.
(1) Every recorded proprieptor of a permanently-settled estate and every recorded land-holder of a temporarily-settled estate may, if he is in actual possession of the interest, in respect of which he desires partition, claim perfect or imperfect partition of the estate:Provided that—(a) no person shall be entitled to apply for perfect partition if the result of such partition would be to form a separate estate, liable for an annual amount of revenue less than five rupees;(b) no person shall be entitled to apply for imperfect partition of an estate unless with the consent of recorded co- sharers holding in the aggregate more than one half of the estate;(c) a person may claim partition only in so far as the partition can be effected in accordance with the provisions of this Chapter.(2) When two or more proprietors or landholders woul
Every application for perfect partition shall be in writing, shall be presented to the Deputy Commissioner, and shall specify the area of the estate, the applicants interest therein, and the names of the other proprietors or land-holders.
(l) The Deputy Commissioner shall, if the application is in order and not open to objection on the face of it, publish a proclamation at his office, and at some conspicuous place on the estate to which the application relates ; and shall serve a notice on all such of the recorded proprietors or land-holders of the estate as have not joined in the application, requiring any of them in possession who may object to the partition to appear before him and state their objections, on a day to be specified in the proclamation and notice, not being less than thirty or more than sixty days from the date on which the proclamation is issued.(2) Where, from any cause, notice cannot be personally served on any proprietor or land-holder, the proclamation shall be deemed sufficient notice under this section.
(1) If an objection preferred as required under Section 99 raises any question of title which has not been already determined by a Court of competent jurisdiction, the Deputy Commissioner shall stay his proceedings for such time as, in his opinion is sufficient to admit of a suit being instituted in the Civil Court to try the objection(2) A Deputy Commissioner staying his proceedings under this section shall make an order requiring the objector, or, if for any reason he deems it more equitable, the applicant, to institute such a suit within the time fixed, and, in the event of such a suit not being instituted within the time, may, in his discretion, disallow the objection, or dismiss the application, as the case may be.(3) On a suit being instituted to try any objection, under this section, the Deputy Commissioner shall, with reference to the objection, be guided by the orders passed
If any objection, other than an objection of the nature referred to in Section 100, is preferred as aforesaid to the partition, the Deputy Commissioner shall dispose of it himself ; unless for any reason he thinks fit to require that it be submitted to a Civil Court for adjudication, in which event the provisions of Section 100 shall apply to the objection
When the period specified under Section 99 has expired, and the objections (if any) made have been disposed of by the Deputy Commissioner or by the Civil Court, as the case may be, the Deputy Commissioner shall, if no such objection has been allowed, proceed to make the partition :Provided that the Deputy Commissioner may, in his discretion, in order to admit of the institution of an appeal from any decision regarding an objection, or for any other reason he deems sufficient, further postpone his proceedings.
The Deputy Commissioner may give the parties the option of making the partition themselves or of appointing arbitrators for the purpose; or he may make the partition himself.
In making partitions the Deputy Commissioner and any person appointed by him, shall have the same powers for entry on the land under partition, for making out the boundaries surveying and other purposes as have been conferred on Survey Officers by or under this Regulation.
Where there are no lands held in common, the lands held in severally by the applicant for partition shall be declared a separate estate, and shall be separately assessed to the Government revenue.
(1) Where some of the lands are held in common, the Deputy Commissioner shall allot to the applicant for partition his share of those lands in accordance with village-custom if any such exists. If no such custom exists, Deputy Commissioner shall make such division as may secure to the applicant his fair portion of the common lands.(2) The portion of the common lands falling by the partition to the share of the applicant shall be added to the land held by him in severally and the aggregate thus formed shall be declared a separate estate, and shall be separately assessed to the Government revenue.
Where all the lands are held in common, the Deputy Commissioner shall make such a partition as may secure to the applicant his fair share of the estate, and the land allotted to him shall be declared a separate estate, and shall be separately assessed to the Government revenue.
In making the partition under Section 105 or Section 106, the Deputy Commissioner shall give effect of any transfer of lands held in severally, forming part of the estate, agreed to by the parties and made before the declaration of the partition.
In all cases, each estate shall be made as compact as possible:Provided that, except with the sanction of the Commissioner or, where there is no Commissioner, with the sanction of the Stale Government, no partition shall be disallowed solely on the ground of in compactness.
(1) If, in making a partition, it is necessary to necessary lo include in the estate assigned to one sharer the land occupied by a dwelling house or other building in the possession of another co-sharer, that other co-sharer shall be allowed to retain it with any buildings thereon, on condition of his paying a reasonable ground-rent for to it to the sharer into whose portion it may fall.(2) The limits of the land, and the rent to be paid for it, shall be fixed by the Deputy Commissioner.
(1) Tanks, wells, water-courses and embankments shall be considered as attached the land for the benefit of which they were originally made.(2) Where from the extent, situation or construction of any such work, it is found necessary that it should continue as the joint property of the proprietors or land -holders of two or more of the estates into which the estate is divided, the Deputy Commissioner shall determine the extent to which the proprietors or land-holders of each estate may make use of the work, and the proportion of the charges for repairs to be borne by them respectively, and the manner in which the profits, if any, derived from the work, are to be divided.
(1) Places of worship and burial grounds held in common previous to the partition of an estate, shall continue to be so held, unless the parties otherwise agree among themselves.(2) In such cases they shall state in writing the agreement into which the have entered, and their statement shall be filed with the record.
(1) The amount of revenue to be paid by each portion of the divided estate shall be determined by the Deputy Commissioner :Provided that the aggregate revenue of the new estates shall not exceed the revenue assessed on the estate immediately before partition.(2) The proprietors or land-holders of each of the new estates shall be jointly and severally liable for the portion of the revenue assessed on their estate, whether new acceptances are taken from them or not.
(1) the State Government shall make rules for determining the costs of partition under this Act, the mode in which those costs are to be appointed, and the parties by whom, and the stage of the proceedings at which, they are to be paid :Provided that the cost of surveying an estate, when a survey is necessary for the purpose of partition, shall be paid rateably, by all the proprietors or land-holders of the estate, according to their interests therein.(2) If the costs to be paid by the applicant for partition are not paid within a time to be fixed by the Deputy Commissioner subject to the rules make under this section the case may be struck off the file.Note.—For the rules framed under this section see part II, Chapter VI.
If at any stage of the proceedings there appears to be any reason for stopping the partition, the Deputy Commissioner may, of his own motion, stay the partition and order the proceedings to be quashed.
On completion of a partition the Deputy Commissioner shall publish a proclamation of the fact at his office and at some conspicuous place on each of the new estates or in the estate of which they originally formed part, and the partition shall take effect from the beginning of the agricultural year next after the date of the proclamation.
As soon as may be after the date on which the partition takes effect under the last preceding section, the Deputy Commissioner shall deliver to the several sharers possession of the separate lands allotted to them, and for this purpose may, if necessary, summarily eject any proprietor or land-holder who may refuse to vacate the same.
An appeal against the decision of the Deputy Commissioner making a partition shall lie to the Board within on e year from the date on which the partition takes effect.
Where the revenue is fraudulently or erroneously distributed at the time of partition, the State Government may, within twelve years from the time of discovery of the fraud or error, order a new allotment of the revenue upon the several estates into which the estate has been divided, on an estimate of the assets of each estate at the time of the partition, to be made conformably to the best evidence and information procurable respecting the same.
Imperfect partition shall be carried on according to the provisions of the preceding section, so far as they are applicable.
If a recorded proprietor or land-holder is in possession of two or more revenue-paying estates, he may, subject to the rules framed under Section 121, claim to have those estates united, and to hold them as a single estate.
The State Government may make rules, not being inconsistent with this regulation, as the procedure and principles to be observed in dealing with applications for and in carrying out the partition and union of estates, and in assessing the land revenue on estates divided.
The State Government shall be the chief controlling authority.
Every Commissioner of a Division, Deputy Commissioner, Assistant Commissioner and Extra Assistant Commissioner shall be the Revenue Officer for the purposes of this Regulation.
The State Government may, for the purposes of this regulation—(a) appoint to each district, in addition to the officers mentioned in Section 123, as many other Revenue Officers as they think fit; and(b) suspend or remove any officer appointed under this sectionNote.—The following officers have been appointed as Revenue Officers in addition to the officers mentioned in Section 123 :(1) Tahsildar including Naib Tahsildar;(2) Sub-Deputy Collectors ;(3) Mauzadar in the Assam Valley;(4) RevenueNazzrs including Naib Nazirs;(5) All officers who are authorised to receive payment of land revenue or other money realisable under the Regulation or rules issued the under and who have given, or are required, to give security for the due performance of their duties.
(1) The State Government may, for the purposes of this Regulation—(a) divide any district into sub-divisions, or make any portion of a district a sub-division, and may alter the limits of a sub- division; and(b) place and Assistant Commissioner of Extra Assistant Commissioner in charge of one or more sub-divisions of a district, and at any time remove him therefrom.(2) An Assistant Commissioner or Extra Assistant Commissioner in charge of a sub-division shall be called the Sub-Divisional Officer.
(1) A sub-Divisional Officer shall, in addition to any other powers conferred on him by or under this Regulation, have the following powers of a Deputy Commissioner, namely :(a) power to dispose of cases of gain by alluvion or by dereliction or a river, and loss by diluvion under Section 34;(b) power to inquire into and report on revenue-free holdings and to assess revenue on resumed lands under Chapter III, Part E ;(c) the power conferred by Sections. 50 to 58 (both inclusive) in respect of registration;(d) power to attach and sell movable property belonging to defaulters under Chapter V; and(e) subject to the confirmation of the Deputy Commissioner power to receive applications and to do all that is necessary for effecting partition and union of estates under Chapter VI.(2) The State Government may confer on any Sub-Divisional Officer a
The State Government may confer upon Assistant Commissioners and Extra Assistant Commissioners not in charge of sub-divisions of districts all or any of the powers conferred by or under this regulation on Sub- Divisional Officers in such cases or classes of cases as the Deputy Commissioner of the district may, from time to time, refer to them for disposal.
(1) All Revenue Officers in a district shall be subordinate on the Deputy Commissioner, and shall exercise all powers conferred on them by or under this Regulation subject to his control.(2) Subject to the general control of the Deputy Commissioner, all Revenue Officers, other than the Sub-Divisional Officer, in a sub-division of a district shall, unless the State Government otherwise direct, be subordinate to the Sub-Divisional Officer, and shall exercise all powers conferred on them by or under this Regulation subject to his control.(3) Subject to the general control of the State Government, all Revenue Officers in a district which is included in a Commissioners division shall be subordinate to the Commissioner, and shall exercise all powers conferred on them by or under this Regulation subject to his control.(4) Subject to the general control of the St
(1) Subject to any rules which the State Government may make in this behalf, the Deputy Commissioner or Sub-Divisional Officer may refer any case to any Revenue Officer subordinate to him for investigation and report, or, if that officer has power to dispose of the case, for disposal.(2) subject as aforesaid, a Deputy Commissioner may direct that any Revenue Officer subordinate to him shall, without such reference, deal with any case or class of cases arising within any specified area, and either investigate and report on the case or class of cases, or, if he has power dispose of it himself.(3) A Subordinate Revenue Officer shall submit his report on any case referred to him under this section for report to the officer referring it, or otherwise as may be directed in the order of preference; and the Officer receiving the report may, if he has power to dispose of the
The Board or a Deputy Commissioner or sub- Divisional Officer may withdraw any case pending before any Revenue Officer subordinate to it or him and either dispose of it itself or himself or refer it fir disposal to any other Revenue Officer subordinate to it or him and having power to dispose of the same.
Whenever any Revenue Officer who has been invested with any powers under this Regulation in any district or sub-division is transferred to another district or sub-division, he shall, unless the State Government otherwise direct, be held to be invested with the same powers in the district or sub-division to which he is so transferred.
When a Deputy Commissioner dies or is disabled from performing his duties, such officers as the State Government may by rule direct shall take executive charge of his district, and shall be deemed to be a Deputy Commissioner under this Regulation, until successor to the Deputy Commissioner so dying or disabled is appointed, and that successor takes charge of his office, or until the person so disabled resumes charge of his office.
(1) The State Government may appoint a Settlement Officer to be incharge of the settlement of any local area of class of estates, and as many Assistant Settlement Officers as they think fit; and all Assistant Settlement Officers so appointed shall be subordinate to the Settlement Officer.Note.—(1) all Mauzadars in the Assam Valley, and in the case of Mauzadars who are minors, their Sarbrahkars, have been appointed ex-officio Assistant Settlement Officer.(2) Mauzadars in Cachar excluding Karimgaj Sub-division has been appointed ex-officio Assistant Officers.(2) The State Government may suspend or remove any officer appointed under this section
(1) The State Government may appoint a Survey Officer to be incharge of the survey of any local area of class of estates, and as many Assistant Survey Officers as they think fit; and all Assistant Survey Officer so appointed shall be subordinate to the Survey Officer.(2) The State Government may suspend or remove any officer appointed under this section.
A Settlement Officer shall in addition to any other power conferred on him by or under this Regulation, have in the local area or class of estates under Settlement—(a) all the powers conferred by Chapter III, Part E, on a Deputy Commissioner; and(b) when a survey does not form part of the settlement all the powers conferred by Chapter III, Part B, on a survey Officer.
Powers of assistant Settlement Officers and Assistant Survey Officers—An Assistant Settlement Officer and Assistant Survey officer shall have all the powers conferred by this Regulation on a Settlement Officer and Survey Officer respectively, subject to such restrictions as the Settlement Officer or Survey Officer may, from time to time, impose :Provided that no assistant Settlement Officer shall, unless specially empowered by the State Government, have power—(a) to frame proposals for assessment under Section 30 ;(b) to exclude persons under Sections. 35 and 36 for refusal to accept settlement; or(c) to assess land which the State Government has under Section 45, sub-section (2) declared liable to assessment.
The State Government may invest any Settlement Officer, Survey Officer, Assistant Settlement Officer, or Assistant Survey Officer with all or any of the powers of a Deputy Commissioner under the Regulation, within such limits, and with such restrictions, and for such period as they think fit.Note.—All Mauzadars in the Assam Valley Districts, and in the case of Mauzadars who are minors, their Sarbarahkars, having been appointed as Assistant Settlement Officers, have been invested with the powers—(a) to effect registration under Section 53-A in uncontested cases; and(b) to dispose of under Chapter VI of the Regulation, all applications for partition of revenue paying estate in which no objection is preferred.
(1) At any time during the currency of a settlement the State Government may invest any officer with all or any of the powers of a Settlement Officer or Survey Officer under this Regulation, within such limits, and with such restrictions, and for such period, as they think fit.(2) If no Settlement Officer or Survey Officer is appointed, and no officer is invested with the powers of a Settlement Officer or Survey Officer under sub-section (1), the Deputy Commissioner and sub-Divisional Officer (if any) shall have all the powers conferred by the Regulation on a Settlement Officer or Survey Officer, as the case may be.
(1) In conferring powers under this Regulation the State Government may empower persons by name or classes of officials generally by their official titles, and may vary or cancel any order conferring such powers.(2) The State Government withdraw from any officer the powers conferred on him by this Regulation.
Subject to the orders of the State Government—(a) The Board may hold Court at any place within the State of Assam;(b) a Deputy Commissioner, and Assistant Commissioner, or Extra Assistant Commissioner (whether-in-charge or not of a sub- division of a district), a Settlement Officer, an Assistant Settlement Officer, a survey Officer and an Assistant Survey Officer may hold his court at any place within the limits of the district or sub-division to which he is appointed.
(1) The Board and any officer mentioned in Section 140 may summon any person whose attendance they consider necessary for the purposes of any investigation or other business before them conducted under this Regulation.(2) All persons so summoned shall be bound to attend either in person or by authorised agent as the Board or such officer may direct;and to state the truth upon any subject respecting which they are examined;and to produce such documents and other things as may be required.
If any person fails to comply within the time fixed by a notice served on him with any requisition made upon him under Section 141, the Board or the Officer, as the case may be, making the requisition may impose upon him such daily fine as they or he thinks fit, not exceeding fifty rupees, until the requisition is complied with : Provided that, whenever the amount levied under an order under this section passed by an officer exceeds five hundred rupees the Deputy Commissioner shall report the case to the Board and no further levy in respect of the fine shall be made otherwise than by authority of the Board.
(1) The State Government, a Deputy Commissioner, a Sub-Divisional Officer, a Settlement Officer or an Assistant Settlement Officer, a Survey Officer or an Assistant Survey Officer may, with the consent of the parties, refer any dispute before them to arbitration.(2) In all cases referred to arbitration the procedure laid down in the Code of Civil Procedure in force for the time being shall be followed so far as applicable, and the officer referring the case shall discharge the function of the Civil Court.
All fees, rents, fines, and other money payable under this Regulation, or under rules made by the State Government under this Regulation shall be recoverable as an arrear of land revenue.
All rents, fees, and royalties due to the Government for the use or occupation of land or water (whether the property of the Government or not) or on account of any products thereof and all moneys falling due to the Government under any grant, lease, security bond, or contract which provides that they shall be so recoverable, may be recovered under this Regulation in the same manner as an arrear of land revenue.
If a Deputy Commissioner has reason to believe that a Revenue Officer subordinate to him, who has collected any sum due under this Regulation, has absconded, or is about to abscond, without accounting for such sum, he may issue a warrant for the apprehension of the officer, and proceed against him, under Chapter V, as if he were a defaulter in the amount so collected.
Any person who has become liable for any amount as surety for a defaulter or Revenue Officer may be proceeded against in the manner prescribed in Chapter V, as if he were a defaulter in such amount.
Appeals shall lie under this Regulation as follows :(a) to the Board from orders, original or appellate passed by a Deputy Commissioner, Settlement Officer or Survey Officer;(b) to the Deputy Commissioner, from orders passed by a sub-Divisional Officer, an Assistant Commissioner or Extra Assistant Commissioner;(c) to the Settlement Officer, from orders passed by an Assistant Settlement Officer;(d) to a Survey Officer, from orders passed by an Assistant SurveyOfficer:Provided that no appeal shall lie against the following orders:Orders of an Assistant Settlement Officer or Assistant Survey Orders of a Survey Officer or Settlement Officer—(1) under Sections. 21,22 and 24;(2) apportioning the expense of erecting and repairing boundary marks in accordance with rules made under Section 27:
(1) Unless otherwise specially provided in this Regulation, or in rules issued under this Regulation—(a) no appeal under Section 147, Cl.(a) shall lie after the expiration of two months from the date of the order appealed against;(b) no appeal under same section, Cls.(b), (c) and (d) shall lie after the expiration of thirty days from the date of the order appealed against;(2) In computing the period prescribed for an appeal by this section, the day on which the order appealed against was passed, and the time requisite for obtaining a copy of such order, shall be excluded.(3) An appeal may be admitted after the period of limitation prescribed therefor by this section when the appellant satisfies the Board or officer to whom he appeals that he had sufficient cause for not presenting the appeal within that period.Note.—In order to enable the appellate au
The Board or officer to whom the appeal lies may reject the appeal without hearing the respondent (if any); if it or he, as the case may be, admits the appeal, it or he may reverse, modify or confirm the order appealed against; it or he may direct such further investigation to be made or such additional evidence to be taken as it or he may think necessary, or it or he may itself or himself, as the case may be, take such additional evidence.Note.—In cases of appeals against orders under Chapter IV, the appellate authority should fill in the final order in the appropriate form (i.e., Form No. 9 of the Assam Schedule XVII Part I) when registration is allowed by it by reserving of modifying the orders appealed against.
In any case in which an appeal is admitted the Appellate Court may, if it thinks fit, pending the result of the appeal, direct the order appealed against to be suspended.
The Board, a Deputy Commissioner, a Settlement Officer and Survey Officer may call for the proceedings held by any officer subordinate to it or him, and pass such orders thereon as it or he thinks fit.Note.—An order once passed in any case cannot be revised either by the officer who passed it or his successor in office. But this order does not apply to summary registration orders.
The State Government may make rules, consistent with this Regulation, to regulate the procedure of officers in the discharge of any duty imposed on them by or under this Regulation, and may by such rule confer upon any officer any power exercised by a Civil Court in the trial of suits.Note.—For the rules framed under Sections 129, 152 and 155 (b) and (c) see Part II, Chapter VII. these rules, which have the force of law, have been supplemented by certain executive orders which will be found in Part X of the Manual.
(1) No proceedings under this Regulation shall be affected by reason of any mistake in the name of any person thereby rendered liable to pay any sum of money, or in the description of any estate in respect of which he is rendered liable to pay, or by reason of any other informality : provided that the provisions of this Regulation, and of the rules passed under this Regulation have been substantially complied with.(2) No proceedings under this Regulation shall be affected by reason of any irregularity or omission in the publication or service of any notice or proclamation thereunder, unless it is proved that some material injury was caused by such irregularity or omission.
Any proceeding under the Regulation pending before the Commissioner immediately before the date of commencement of this Act, shall be deemed to have been instituted before the Board, and shall be decided as if it were duly instituted before the Board.
(1) Except when otherwise expressly provided in this Regulation, or in rules issued under this Regulation, no Civil Court shall exercise jurisdiction in any of the following—(a) questions as to the validity or effect of any settlement or as to whether the conditions of any settlement are still in force ;(b) questions as to the amount of revenue tax, cess, or rates to be assessed; and the mode, or principle of assessment;(c) the formation of the record-of-rights, or the preparation, signing or alteration of any document contained therein;(d) claims of persons to perfect partition;(e) claims of persons to imperfect partition, except in cases in which a perfect partition could not be claimed from, and been refused by, the revenue authorities on the ground that the result of such partition would be to form a separate estate liable for an annual amo
(1) Notwithstanding anything contained in any judgment, decree or order of any Court any notice served or any action taken or any penalty imposed or any ejectment done under sub-ruler.(l), (2), (3a) and (3b), (4), (5) and (5a) of Rule 18 of the Settlement Rules made under the Regulation shall be and always be deemed to have been validly done.(2) No suit or other proceeding shall be maintained or continued in any Court against the Government or any person or authority for any act done or purported to have been done under sub-ruler. (1), (2), (3a) and (3b), (4), (5) and (5a) of Rule 18 of the Settlement Rules made under the Regulation.(3) No court shall enforce any decree or order against the Government or any other person for any action taken or purported to have been taken under sub-rules (1), (2), (3a) and (3b), (4), (5) and (5a) of Ruler. 18 of the Settlement Rules made under the Reg
The State Government may, in addition to the other matters for which they are empowered by the Regulation to make rules, make rules consistent with this Regulation relating to the following matters;(a) the person by whom, and the time, place, manner at or in which, anything is to be done for he doing of which provision is made in this Regulation or the rules made thereunder;(b) the mode in which notices, proclamations, summonses, warrants and other process issued under this Regulation shall be issued, published, and served, and the fees to be charged for the issue, publication and service of such proceedings;(c) the costs of all proceedings under this Regulation;(d) the manner in which representatives shall be appointed to act in matter relating to this Regulation on behalf of any body of settlement-holders or persons entitled to, or with whom it may be desi
The State Government may, in making any rule under this Regulation, provide that a breach of the rule, in addition to any other consequence which would ensue from such breach, be punishable with fine which may extend to two hundred rupees, or, when such breach is a continuing breach, to fifty rupees for each day during which such breach continues, or, on conviction before a Magistrate, with imprisonment which may extend to six months or wit fine up to one thousand rupees or with both.
(1) —The State Government shall, before making any rules under this Regulation, publish in such manner as may, in their opinion, be sufficient for giving information to persons interested, a draft of the proposed rules, with a notice specifying a date at or after which the draft will be taken into consideration; and shall before making the rules, receive and consider any objection or any suggestion which may be made by any person with respect to the draft before the date so specified.(2) If, on such consideration of the draft, any modification in made the State Government shall determine whether it is necessary to republish the draft under this section(3) ***(4) All rules made by the State Government under this Regulation shall be published in the official Gazette, and shall thereupon have the force of law.
***
All powers conferred by this Regulation may be exercised from time to time as occasion requires.
(1) Notwithstanding anything herein before contained in, State Government may adopt such measures as it deems fit for the protection of those classes who, on account of their primitive condition and lac of education or material advantages, are incable of looking after their welfare in so far as such welfare depends upon their having sufficient land for their maintenance.(2) The State Government may, by notification in the official Gazette, specify the classes of people whom it considers entitled to protection by such measures as aforesaid.
The protective measures may include the constitution of compact areas, in regions predominantly peopled by the classes of people notified under the provisions of sub-Section (2) of Section 160, into belts or blocks. The boundaries of the areas so constituted shall, as far as possible, coincide with mauza boundaries or be otherwise easily distinguishable.
(1) The State Government may, by notification in the official Gazette, direct that the provisions of this Chapter shall apply to the areas, or any of the areas, constituted into belts of blocks the provisions of Section 161. On such application, the disposal of land by lease for ordinary cultivation, the nature and extent of rights conveyed by annual or periodic leases, the termination or forfeiture of such rights, the ejectment of persons in occupation who have no valid right in the land, the management or letting out in farm of land in certain circumstances by the Deputy Commissioner, and other allied or connected matters shall, so far as possible, be governed by the provisions of this Chapter and the rules made thereunder. Where this is not possible, the Deputy Commissioner shall be guided by the spirit of the provisions of the foregoing Chapters at the Regulation and the rules made thereunder.(
(1) The disposal of land in area to which the provisions of this Chapter apply, for the purpose of ordinary cultivation or purposes ancillary thereto, shall be in accordance with such policy and procedure as may be adopted and directed by the State Government.(2) In adopting and directing such policy or procedure, the State Government shall take into consideration—(a) First the bona fide needed of persons belonging to classes notified under sub-Section (2) of Section 160 who are permanently residing in such area from before its constitution under Section 161 ;(b) Secondly, the bona fide needs of persons belonging to such classes who are temporarily residing in such area from before its constitution, but, who are settlement holders of land within the area, on the date of its constitution, and who are likely to undertake to become permanent residents therein withi
(1) A settlement holder other than a land-holder shall have no right in the land held by him beyond such as are expressed in his settlement lease.(2) A land-holder shall have a right of use and occupancy in the land held by him subject to any restrictions or modification prescribed in rules made under this Chapter, and to the provisions of Section 9 :Provided that no land holder shall transfer his land a belt or block to—(a) any person not belonging to a class of people notified under Section 160, or(b) any person who is not a permanent resident in that belt or block : Provided further that no such land-holder shall transfer his land in a belt orblock to any person who is a permanent resident in that belt or block who does not belong to a class of people notified under Section 160 except with the previous permission of the Deputy Commissioner ;
Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in this Act ore any law relating to limitation, no person to whom any land is transferred in a belt or block in contravention of the provisions of this Chapter, shall acquire or title in that by length of possession whether adverse or not.
If any transfer of land is effected in contravention of the provisions of this Chapter, both in the transfer and transferee shall be punished with simple imprisonment for a term which may extend to six months or with fine which may extend to one thousand rupees or with both.
(1) In the case of unsettled land, any person who without valid authority has encroached upon or occupied it shall be liable to ejectment forthwith,(2) In the case of annually settled land, persons other than settlement holders, members of their families and hired servants, if found in occupation thereof, shall be liable to ejectment forthwith. The settlement, with the settlement-holder shall, unless terminated earlier for infringement of the conditions of the lease or for any auction contrary to or inconsistent with the rights conferred on him by the lease, automatically terminate the end of the period covered by the lease.(3) (a) In the case of periodically settled land, persons who have entered into occupation without valid authority from the landholder or whose entry or occupation, is or has come about in a manner inconsistent with the provisions of this Chapter shall be liable to evic
No suit shall lie against any public servant for any thing done by him in good faith under this Chapter.
No Civil Court shall exercise jurisdiction in any of the matters covered by this Chapter.
The State Government may, by notification in the official Gazette, invest any Revenue Officer with the powers of the Deputy Commissioner under all or any of provisions of this Chapter within such limits, with such restrictions and for such period as may be specified, and may withdraw from any such officer any of the powers so conferred upon him.
(1) An appeal shall lie under this Chapter—(a) to the Deputy Commissioner, from any original order passed by any officer subordinate to him, and(b) to the Board from any original order passed by a Deputy Commissioner.(2) Except in regard to orders relating to periodically settled land an order passed on appeal under sub-section (1) Cl. (a) shall be final. (3) In regard to orders relating to periodically settled land an appeal will lie to the Board from an appellate order of the Deputy Commissioner.
The Board or the Deputy Commissioner may call for the proceedings held .by any officer subordinate to it or him, and pass such order thereon as it or he thinks fit.
The State Government may, by notification in the official Gazette, make rules for purpose of carrying out the provisions of this Chapter.
SCHEDULE
[See Section 2]
Enactments repealed
Part I.&nb The Schedule of the Assam Land and Revenue Regulation, 1886, contains provisions related to the enforcement, penalties, and repeals associated with various rules under the regulation. It is instrumental in detailing the legal framework governing land settlement, boundary demarcation, and penalties for violations in Assam. The Schedule primarily lists the enactments repealed by the regulation, penalties for breaches such as boundary mark removal, and procedural rules related to land settlement and boundary disputes. It provides a legal basis for enforcement actions and penalties for non-compliance. The Schedule applies to:- Enforcement of boundary and land settlement rules- Penalties for violations under the Assam Land and Revenue Regulation, 1886- Repeals of previous laws and regulations inconsistent with the 1886 regulation- Clarification of procedural and enforcement powers of authorities- Cases involving boundary disputes, land settlement, and violations of boundary marks Penalties include:- Fines, which can extend up to a specified amount (e.g., Rs. 1,000)- Imprisonment, which may extend up to six months- Penalties for breach of rules, boundary mark removal, or non-compliance with notices- Penalties are enforceable through magistrate's orders upon conviction Note: The references correspond to the provided source snippets, formatted as bullet points for clarity.Legal Commentary on Assam Land and Revenue Regulation, 1886 - Schedule
Introduction
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