PUNJAB TENANCY ACT, 1887
The Act came into force on the 1st November 1887, see Notification No. 726, "Punjab Gazette" 3rd November 1887, Part I, Page 578.
An Act to amend the law relating to the Tenancy of Land in the Punjab.
Whereas it is expedient to amend the law relating to tenancy of land in the Punjab. It is hereby enacted as follows :-
(1) This Act may be called the Punjab Tenancy Act, 1887.
(2) It extends to the whole of the territories [-] [-] administered by the [ State] Government of] [Punjab] [---] and
3. It shall come into force on such day as the [State] Government, with the previous sanction of the [Central Government], may by notification appoint in this behalf.
(Repealed)
(Repealed)
In this Act, unless there is a something repugnant in the subject or context-
(1) 'Land' means land which is not occupied as the site of any building in a town or village and is occupied or has been let for agricultural purposes or for purposes subservient to agriculture, or for pasture, and includes the sites of buildings and other structures on such land.
(2) "pay" with its grammatical variations and cognate expressions, includes, when used with reference to rent, "deliver," and "render," with their grammatical variations and cognate expressions.
(3) "rent" means whatever is payable to a landlord in money, kind or service by a tenant on account of the use or occupation of land held by him,
(4) "arrear of rent" means rent which remains unpaid after the date on which it becomes payable,
(5) "tenant" means a person who holds land under another person, and is,
(1) A tenant -
(a) who at the commencement of this Act has, for more than two generations in the male line of descent through a grand-father or grand-uncle and for a period of not less than twenty years, been occupying land paying no rent therefor beyond the amount of land revenue thereof and the rates and cesses for the time being chargeable thereon; or
(b) who having owned land, and having ceased to be landowner thereof otherwise than by forfeiture to the Government or than by any voluntary act, has, since he ceased to be landowner continuously occupied the land; or
(c) who, in a village or estate in which he settled along with, or was settled by, the founder thereof as a cultivator therein, occupied land on the twenty-first day of October, 1868, and has continuously occupied the land since that date; or
(d) who being jagirdar of the estate or any part of the estate in which the
A tenant recorded in a record of rights sanctioned by the [State] Government before the twenty-first day of October, 1868 as a tenant having a right of occupancy in land which he has continuously occupied from the time of the preparation of that record, shall be deemed to have a right of occupancy in that land unless the contrary has been established by a decree of a competent Court in a suit instituted before the passing of this Act.
If the tenant has voluntarily exchanged the land, or any portion of the land, formerly occupied by him for other land belonging to the same landlord, the land taken in exchange shall be held to be subject to the same right of occupancy as that to which the land given in exchange would have been subject if the exchange had not taken place.
Nothing in the foregoing sections of this Chapter shall preclude any person from establishing a right of occupancy on any ground other than the grounds specified in those sections.
No tenant shall acquire a right of occupancy by mere lapse of time.
In the absence of a custom to the contrary, no one of several joint owners of land shall acquire a right of occupancy under this Chapter in land jointly owned by them.
Notwithstanding anything in the foregoing sections of this Chapter, a tenant, who immediately before the commencement of this Act has a right of occupancy in any land under an enactment specified in any line of the first column of the following table shall, when this Act comes into force, be held to have, for all the purposes of this Act, a right of occupancy in that land under the enactment specified in the same line of the second column of the table :-
| Punjab Tenancy Act | |||
(1) The rent for the time being payable in respect of a tenancy shall be the first charge on the produce thereof.
(2) A tenant shall be entitled to tend, cut and harvest the produce of his tenancy in due course of husbandry without any interference on the part of his landlord.
(3) Except where rent is taken by division of the produce the tenant shall be entitled to the exclusive possession of the produce.
(4) Where rent in taken by division of the produce - (a) the tenant shall be entitled to the exclusive possession of the whole produce until it is divided,
(b) the landlord shall be entitled to be present at, and take part in, the division of the produce, and
(c) when the produce has been divided, the landlord shall be entitled to the possession of his share thereof.
(1) Where rent is taken by any of the following methods, namely :-
(a) by division or appraisement of the produce;
(b) by rates fixed with reference to the nature of the crops grown;
(c) by a rate on a recognized measure of area;
(d) by a rent in gross on the tenancy; or
(e) partly by one of the methods specified in clauses (a), (b) and (c) of this sub-section and partly by another or others of them, one of those methods shall not be commuted in whole or in part into another without the consent of both landlord and tenant.
(2) In the absence of a contract or a decree or order of competent authority to the contrary, a tenant whose rent is taken by any of the methods specified in clauses (a), (b) and (c) of Sub-section (1), or by the methods specified in clause (d) of that sub-section, shall not be liable to pay for a tenancy rent at any h
Any person in possession of land occupied without the consent of the landlord shall be liable to pay for the use or occupation of that land at the rate of rent payable in the preceding agricultural year, or, if rent was not payable in that year, at such rate as the Court may determine to be fair and equitable.
When two or more persons are landlords of a tenant in respect of the same tenancy, the tenant shall not be bound to pay part of the rent of his tenancy to one of these persons and part to another.
Where rent is taken by division or appraisement of the produce, if the tenant removes any portion of the produce at such a time or in such a manner as to prevent the due division or appraisement thereof, or deals therewith in a manner contrary to established usage, the produce may be deemed to have been as the fullest crop of same description on similar land in the neighbourhood for that harvest.
If either the landlord or the tenant neglects to attend, either personally, or by agent at the proper time for making the division or appraisement of the produce, or if there is a dispute about the division or appraisement, a Revenue Officer may, on the application of either party, appoint such person as he thinks fit to be a referee to divide or appraise the produce.
(1) When a Revenue Officer appoints referee under the last foregoing section, he may, in his discretion, give him instructions with respect to the association with himself of any other persons as assessors, the number, qualifications and selection of those assessors, and the procedure to be followed in making the division or appraisement.
(2) The referee so appointed shall make the division or appraisement in accordance with any instructions which he may have received from the Revenue Officer under the last foregoing sub-section.
(3) Before making the division or appraisement the referee shall give notice to the landlord and the tenant of the time and place at which the division or appraisement will be made, but, if either the landlord or the tenant fails to attend either personally or by agent, the referee may proceed ex-parte.
(4) For the purpose of making the division or appraisement, the referee, w
(1) The result of the division or appraisement shall be recorded and signed by the referee, and the record shall be submitted to Revenue Officer.
(2) The Revenue Officer shall consider the record, and after such further inquiry, if any, as he may deem necessary, shall make an order wither confirming or varying the division or appraisement.
(3) The Revenue Officer shall also make such order as to the costs of the reference as he thinks fit.
(4) The costs may include the remuneration of the referee and of the assessors, if any, and may be levied from the applicant before the appointment of the referee subject to adjustment at the close of the proceedings.
Where the rent of a tenant having a right of occupancy in any land is a share of the produce, or of the appraised value thereof, with or without an addition in money, or is paid according to rates fixed with reference to the nature of the crops grown, or is a rent in gross payable in kind, the tenant shall be entitled to occupy the land at that rent.
Provided that, when the land or any part thereof previously not irrigated or flooded becomes irrigated or flooded, the rent payable in respect of the land or part may, subject to the provisions of this Act, be enhanced to the share of rates, or with reference to the rent in gross, as the case may be, paid by tenants, having a similar right of occupancy, or irrigated or flooded land of a similar description and with similar advantages.
When the land, or any part of the land, held by a tenant having a right of occupancy to whom the last foregoing section applies ceases to be irrigated or flooded, the rent payable in respect of the land or part may be reduced to the share or rates, or with reference to the rent in gross, as the case may be paid by tenants, having a similar right of occupancy or unirrigated or unflooded land of a similar description and with similar advantages.
(1) Where a tenant having a right of occupancy pays his rent entirely by a cash-rate on a recognised measure of area or by a cash-rent in gross on his tenancy, the rent may be enhanced on the ground that after deduction therefrom of the land revenue of, and the rates and cesses chargeable on, the tenancy, it is
(a) If the tenant belongs to the class specified in clause (a) of Sub-section (1) of Section 5, less than two annas per rupee of the amount of the land revenue;
(b) If he belongs to any of the classes specified in clause (b), (c) and (d) of that sub-section, less than six annas per rupee of the amount of the land revenue;
(c) If he belongs to the class specified in Section 6, or if his right of occupancy is established under Section 8 and his rent is not regulated by contract, less than twelve annas per rupee of the amount of the land revenue.
(2) In a case to which Sub-sec
The rent payable by a tenant to whom the last foregoing section applies may be reduced on the ground that the productive powers of his tenancy have been decreased by a cause beyond his control.
(1) A Revenue Court on the suits of either landlord or tenant, may subject to the provisions of this and other sections of this Act, enhance or reduce the rent of any tenant having a right of occupancy.
(2) Where a decree for the enhancement of the rent of such a tenant has been passed under the Punjab Tenancy Act 1868, (XXXVIII of 1868) a suit for a further enhancement of his rent shall not lie till the expiration of five years from the date of the decree, unless in the meantime the local area in which the land comprised in the decree is situate has been generally reassessed and the revenue payable in respect of that land has been increased.
(3) Subject to the provision of Sub-section (2) a suit instituted for the enhancement of the rent of a tenant having a right of occupancy shall not be entertained in either of the following cases, namely -
(a) if within the ten years next preceding its institution
In enhancing or reducing the rent of any land, under the foregoing provisions of this chapter, the court shall, within the limits prescribed by those provisions, enhancement or reduce the rent to such an amount as it considers fair and equitable, but shall not in any case fix the rent at a sum less than the amount of the land revenue of the land and the rates and cesses chargeable thereon.
(1) Unless the court decreeing an enhancement of rent otherwise directs, the enhancement shall take effect from the commencement of the agricultural year next following the date of the decree.
(2) A court decreeing a reduction of rent shall specify in the decree the date on and from which reduction is to take effect.
Adjustment of rents expressed in terms of the land revenue
(1) Where the rent of a tenancy is the whole or a share of the land revenue thereof, with or without an addition in money, kind or service, and the land revenue of the holding in which the tenancy is situate is altered, a Revenue Officer having authority under Section 56 of the Punjab Land Revenue Act, 1887 (XXXII of 1887) to determine the land revenue payable in respect of the several holdings comprised in the estate in which the tenancy is situate, shall determine also the amount of the land revenue of the tenancy, or the proportionate share thereof, payable by the tenant as rent.
(2) Where an addition referred to in Sub-section (1) is a percentage fixed with reference to the land revenue of the tenancy or, the whole or a share of the rates and ceases chargable thereon or both, the Revenue Officer shall in like manner from time to time alter the amount of the addition in proportion to any alteration of such land revenue or rates and cesses.
[Section 27A together with the heading omitted by the Indian (Adaptation of Existing Indian Laws) Order, 1947, Section 4(i).]
(1) Every tenant shall -
(a) be liable to pay additional rent for all land proved to be in excess of the area for which rent has been previously paid by him, unless it is proved that the excess is due to the addition to his tenancy of land which having previously belonged to the tenancy, was lost by diluvion or otherwise without any reduction of the rent being made; and
(b) be entitled to an abatement of rent in respect of any deficiency proved to exist in the area of his tenancy as compared with the area for which rent has been previously paid by him, unless it is proved that the deficiency is due to the loss of land which was added to the area of the tenancy by alluvion or otherwise, and that an addition has not been made to the rent in respect of the addition to the area.
(2) In determining the area for which rent has been previously paid the court shall have regard to the following among other matt
Notwithstanding anything in the foregoing sections of this Chapter, if it appears to a court making a decree for an arrear of rent that the area of a tenancy has been so diminished by diluvion or otherwise, or that the produce thereof has been so diminished by drought, hail, deposit of sand or other like calamity, that the full amount of rent payable by the tenant cannot be equitably decreed, the court may, with the previous sanction of the Collector, allow such remission from the rent payable by the tenant as may appear to it to be just.
[(1) Whenever the payment of the whole or any part of the land revenue payable in respect of any land is remitted or suspended, a Revenue Officer may, if the rent be payable in cash or be rent payable in kind of which the amount is fixed, by order, remit or suspend, as the case may be, the payment of the rent of that land to an amount which may bear the same proportion to the whole of the rent payable in respect of the land as the land revenue of which payment has been remitted or suspended bears to the whole of land revenue payable in respect of the land.
Provided that in the case of an occupancy tenant, whose rent is of the nature hereinbefore in this sub-section described, the remission or suspension of the land revenue payable in respect of the land shall, in the absence of a written order by a Revenue Officer to the contrary, carry with it a proportionate remission or suspension, as the case may be, of his rent.
When t
In either of the following cases, namely :-
(a) When a landlord refuses to receive, or grant a receipt for, any rent payable in money when tendered to him by a tenant.
(b) When a tenant is in doubt as to the person entitled to receive rent payable in money.
the tenant may apply to a Revenue Officer for leave to deposit the rent in his office, and the Revenue Officer shall receive the deposit if, after examining the applicant, he is satisfied that there is sufficient ground for the application and if the applicant pays the fee, if any, chargeable for the issue of the notice next hereinafter referred to.
(1) When a deposit has been so received it shall be deemed to be a payment made by the tenant to his landlord in respect of rent.
(2) The Revenue Officer receiving the deposit shall give notice of the receipt thereof to every person who he has reason to believe claims or is entitled to the deposit, and may pay the amount thereof to any person appearing to him to be entitled thereto, or may, if he thinks fit, retain the deposit pending the decision of a competent court as to the person so entitled.
(3) No suit or other proceeding shall be instituted against the [Government], or against any officer of the [Government] in respect of anything done by a Revenue Officer under this section, but nothing in this sub-section shall prevent any person entitled to receive the amount of any such deposit from recovering it from a person to whom it has been paid by a Revenue Officer.
(1) If an order is made by any court for the attachment of the produce of a tenancy or of any part of a tenancy, the landlord may apply to the Revenue Officer by whom the attachment is to be or has been made to sell the produce and pay to him out of the proceeds of the sale thereof the amount or value of :-
(a) and rent which has fallen due to him in respect of the tenancy within the year immediately preceding the application, and
(b) the rent which will be falling due after the harvesting of the produce and is chargeable against it.
(2) The Revenue Officer shall give the person at whose instance the attachment was made an opportunity of showing cause why the application of the landlord should not be granted, and, if he finds the landlord's claim to the whole or any part of the rent to be proved he shall cause the produce or such portion thereof as he may deem necessary to be sold, and shall apply the
(1) Where a lease has been granted, or an agreement has been entered into by a landowner in respect of any land assessed to land revenue fixing for a period exceeding the term for which the land revenue has been assessed, the rent or other sum payable in respect of the land under the lease or agreement, and that term has expired, the lease or agreement shall be voidable -
(a) at the option of the landowner if the land revenue of the land has been enhanced and the person to whom the lease has been granted or with whom the agreement has been entered into refuses to pay such rent or other sum as a Revenue Court, on the suit of the landowner, determines to be fair and equitable, [-] and
where the relation of landlord and tenant exists between the grantor and grantee of the lease or between the persons who entered into the agreement.
(b) at the option of the tenant if the land revenue of the land has been r
A tenant holding for a fixed term under a contract or a decree or order of competent authority may relinquish his tenancy without notice at the end of that term.
(1) Any other tenant may relinquish his tenancy by giving verbally or in writing to his landlord, or to his landlord's agent, on or before the fifteenth day of January in any year, notice of his intention to relinquish the tenancy at the end of the agricultural year then current.
(2) The tenant may, instead of, or in addition to, giving the notice in the manner mentioned in Sub-section (1), apply to a Revenue Officer on or before the date aforesaid to cause the notice to be served on the landlord, and Revenue Officer on receiving the cost of service from the tenant, shall cause the notice to be served as soon as may be.
(3) If the tenant does not give notice in the manner prescribed in this section, he shall be liable to pay the rent of his tenancy for any part of the ensuing agricultural year during which the tenancy is not let by the landlord to some other person or is not cultivated by the landlord himself.
A tenant cannot, without the consent of his landlord, relinquish a part only of his tenancy.
(1) If a tenant having a right of occupancy fails for more than one year without sufficient cause to cultivate his tenancy, either by himself or some other persons, and to arrange for payment of the rent thereof as it falls due, the right of occupancy shall be extinguished from the end of that year.
(2) [Sub-clause (2) of Section 38 (inserted by Punjab Act XI of 1925), was omitted by the Indian (Adaptation of Existing Laws) Order, 1947, Section 4(i).]
(1) A tenant having a right of occupancy shall be liable to be ejected from his tenancy on any of the following grounds, namely :-
(a) that he has used the land comprised in the tenancy in a manner which renders it unfit for the purposes for which he held it;
(b) where rent is payable in kind, that he has without sufficient cause failed to cultivate that land in the manner or to the extent customary in the locality in which the land is situate;
(c) when a decree for an arrear of rent in respect of his tenancy has been passed against him and remains unsatisfied.
(2) [Omitted by the Indian (Adaptation of Existing Laws) Order, 1947, Section 4(i).]
A tenant not having a right of occupancy but holding for fixed term under a contract or decree or order of competent authority, shall be liable to be ejected from his tenancy at the expiration of that term, and, on any of the following grounds before the expiration thereof namely :-
(a) that he has used the land comprised in the tenancy in a manner which renders it unfit for the purposes for which he held it;
(b) where rent is payable in kind, that he has without sufficient cause failed to cultivate that land in the manner or to the extent customary in the locality in which the land is situate;
(c) on any ground which would justify ejectment under the contract, decree or order.
A tenant who has not a right of occupancy, and does not hold for a fixed term under a contract or a decree of competent authority, may be ejected at the end of any agricultural year.
A tenant shall not be ejected otherwise than in execution of a decree for ejectment, except in the following cases, namely :-
(a) when a decree for an arrear of rent in respect of his tenancy has been passed against him and remains unsatisfied;
(b) when the tenant has not a right of occupancy and does not hold for a fixed term under a contract or a decree or order of competent authority.
In any such case as is mentioned in clause (a) or clause (b) of the last foregoing section the landlord may apply to a Revenue Officer for the ejectment of the tenant in the case mentioned in the former clause or for the service on the tenant of a notice of ejectment in the case mentioned in the latter clause.
(1) On receiving the application in any such case as is mentioned in clause (a) of Section 42, the Revenue Officer shall, after such inquiry with respect to the existence of the arrear as he deems necessary, cause a notice to be served on the tenant stating the date of the decree and the amount due thereunder, and informing him that if he does not pay that amount to the revenue officer within fifteen days from receipt of the notice he will be ejected from the land.
(2) If the amount is not so paid the Revenue Officer shall, subject to the provisions of this Act with respect to the payment of compensation, order the ejectment of the tenant unless good cause is shown to the contrary.
(1) On receiving the application of the landlord in any such case as is mentioned in clause (b) of Section 42, the Revenue Officer shall, if the application is in order and not open to objection on the face of it, cause a notice of ejectment to be served on the tenant.
(2) A notice under sub-section (2) shall not be served after the fifteenth day of November in any [agricultural] year.
(3) The notice shall specify the name of the landlord on whose application it is issued and describe the land to which it relates, and shall inform the tenant that he must vacate the land before the first day of May next following, or that, if he intends to contest his liability to ejectment, he must institute a suit for that purpose in a Revenue Court within two months from the date of the service of the notice.
(4) The notice shall also inform the tenant that if he does not intend to contest his liability to be ejected
The Financial Commissioner may make rules prescribing :-
(a) the form and language of application and notices under the two last foregoing sections; and
(b) the manner in which those applications and notices are to be signed and attested.
A decree or order for the ejectment of a tenant shall not be executed at any other time than between the first day of May and the fifteenth day of June (both days inclusive) unless the court making the decree or, where the order is made under Section 44, the officer making the order, otherwise directs.
(1) If in a suit for the ejectment of a tenant on either of the grounds mentioned in clauses (a) and (b) of Section 39 or of Section 40, it appears to the court that the injury caused by the act or omission on which the suit is based is capable of being remedied, or that an award of compensation will be sufficient satisfaction to the landlord therefore, the court may instead of making a decree for the ejectment of the tenant, order him to remedy the injury within a period to be fixed in the order, or order him to pay into court, within such a period, such compensation as the court thinks fit.
(2) The court may from time to time, for special reasons, extend a period fixed by it under Sub-section (1).
(3) If within the period, or extended period, as the case may be, fixed by the court under this section, the injury is remedied or the compensation is paid, a decree for the ejectment of the tenant shall not be made.
(1) Where at the time of the proposed ejectment of a tenant from any land his uncut or ungathered crops are standing on any part thereof, he shall not be ejected from that part until the crops have ripened and he has been allowed a reasonable time to harvest them.
(2) The Court or Revenue Officer decreeing or ordering the ejectment of the tenant may, on the application of the landlord, determine any dispute arising in consequence of the provisions of Sub-section (1) between the landlord and tenant or between the landlord and any person entitled to harvest the crops of the tenant, and may in its or his discretion -
(a) direct that the tenant pay for the longer occupation of the land secured to him under Sub-section (1) such rent as may be fair and equitable, or
(b) determine the value of the tenant's uncut and ungathered crops, and, on payment thereof by the landlord to the court or Revenue Officer, for
In either of the following cases, namely - (a) if a tenant has been dispossessed without his consent of his tenancy or any part thereof otherwise than in execution of a decree or than in pursuance of an order under Section 44 or Section 45;
(b) if a tenant who, not having instituted a suit under Section 45, has been ejected from his tenancy or any part thereof in pursuance of an order under that section denies has liability to be ejected;
the tenant may, within one year from the date of his dispossession or ejectment, institute a suit for recovery of possession or occupancy or for compensation, or for both.
No person whose ejectment has been ordered by a Revenue Court under Section 45, Sub-section (6), or whose suit has been dismissed under Section 50, may institute a suit in a civil court to contest his liability to ejectment, or to recover possession or occupancy rights, or to recover compensation.
Possession of a tenancy or of any land comprised in a tenancy shall not be recoverable under Section 9 of the Specific Relief Act, 1877 (1 of 1877) [by a tenant dispossessed thereof.
(1) The [State] Government may, for all or any of the territories under its administration, by notification, fix for the purposes of Sections 36, 45 and 47 or any of those sections, any other dates instead of those specified therein.
(2) A notification under this section shall not take effect till after the expiration of six months from the date of the publication thereof.
[Section 52-A added by Punjab Tenancy (Amendment) Act, 1925 (10 of 1925), Section 10 omitted by the Indian Adaptation of Existing Laws Order, 1947, Section 4(i).]
(1) A tenant having a right of occupancy under Section 5 may transfer that right by sale, gift or mortgage, subject to the conditions mentioned in this section.
(2) If he intents to transfer the right by sale, gift, mortgage, by conditional sale or usufructuary mortgage, he shall cause notice of his intention to be served on his landlord through a Revenue Officer and shall defer proceeding with the transfer for a period of one month from the date on which the notice is served.
(3) Within that period of one month the landlord may claim to purchase the right at such value as a Revenue Officer may, on application made to him in this behalf, fix.
(4) When the application to the Revenue Officer is to fix the value of a right of occupancy which is already mortgaged, he shall fix the value of the rights as if it were not mortgaged.
(5) The landlord shall be deemed to have purchased the r
Where a mortgage of a right of occupancy under section 5 proposes to foreclose his mortgage, or otherwise enforce his lien on the land subject to the right, the provisions of the last foregoing section shall, so far as they can be made applicable, apply as if the mortgagee were the tenant.
(1) A right of occupancy under section 5 may be sold in execution of a decree or order of a Court.
(2) But notice of an intended sale of any such right shall be given by the Court to the landlord, and, if at any time before the close of the day on which the sale takes place, the landlord pays to the Court or to the officer conducting the sale a deposit of twenty-five per centum on the highest bid made at the sale, he shall be declared to be the purchaser instead of the person who made that bid.
A right of occupancy under any other section than Section 5 shall not be attached or sold in execution of a decree or order of any Court or, without the previous consent in writing of the landlord, be transferred by private contract.
When a right of occupancy has been transferred by sale, gift or usufructuary mortgage to a person other than the landlord, that person shall, in respect of the land in which the right subsists, have the same rights and be subject to the same liabilities as the tenant to whom before the transfer the right had belonged and was subject to.
(1) A tenant having a right of occupancy in land may, subject to the provisions of this Act and to the conditions of any written contract between him and his landlord, sublet the land or any part thereof for any term not exceedings seven years.
(2) A person to whom land is sublet by a tenant having a right of occupancy therein shall, in respect of that land, and so far as regards the landlord be jointly with the tenant, subject to all the liabilities of the tenant under this Act.
(1) Any tenant with a right of occupancy may, with the consent of his landlord, transfer his land to all the members of a Co-operative Society for the Consolidation of Holdings of which both he and his landlord are members and obtain from them any other land in exchange.
(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act or any other enactment in force, any land obtained in exchange in pursuance of the provisions of sub- section (1) shall be deemed to be subject to the same right of occupancy as the land given for it in exchange.
(1) When a tenant having a right of occupancy in any land dies, the right shall devolve -
(a) on his male lineal descendants, if any, in the male line of descent, and
(b) failing such descendants, on his widow, if any, until she dies or remarries or abandons the land or is under the provisions of this Act ejected therefrom, and
[(c) failing such descendants and widow, on his widowed mother, if any, until she dies or remarries or abandons the land or is under the provisions of this Act ejected therefrom.]
[(d) failing sudh descendants and widow, or widowed mother or if the deceased tenant left a widow or widowed mother, then when her interest terminates under clause (b) or (c) of this sub-section, on his male collateral relatives in the male line on descent from the common ancestor of the deceased tenant and those relatives.]
Provided, with respect to clause [
Any transfer made of a right of occupancy in contravention of the foregoing provisions of this Chapter shall be voidable of the instance of the landlord.
(1) Without the previous permission of the Collector, a landlord shall not make an improvement on the tenancy of a tenant having a right of occupancy.
(2) If a landlord desires to make such an improvement, he may apply to the Collector for permission to make it, and the Collector shall, before making an order on the application, hear the objection, if any, of the tenant.
(3) In making an order on an application under Sub-section (2) the Collector shall, be guided by such rules, if any, as the [State] Government may, [-] make in this behalf.
(1) When a landlord has, with the permission mentioned in the last foregoing section, made an improvement on the tenancy of a tenant having a right of occupancy he may apply to the Collector for an enhancement of the rent of the tenant.
(2) If the tenant is a tenant to whom Section 20 applies, the Collector shall enhance his rent to be share or rates, or with reference to the rent in gross, as the case may be, paid by tenants, having a similar right of occupancy, for land of a similar description and with similar advantages.
(3) If the tenant is a tenant to whom Section 22 applies, the Collector shall enhance his rent to such amount as the tenant would be liable to pay under that section if the land revenue were re-assessed.
(4) When the improvement ceases to exist, the Collector may, on the application of the tenant, reduce the tenant's rent, -
(a) in the case of a tenant to whom
A tenant having the right of occupancy is entitled to make improvements on his tenancy.
(1) A tenant not having the right of occupancy may make improvements on his tenancy, with the assent of the landlord.
(2) If at any time the question arises whether or not the landlord assented to the making of an improvement by a tenant not having a right of occupancy, the assent may be inferred from circumstances.
Improvements made by a tenant before the commencement of this Act, shall be deemed to have been made in accordance with this Act, unless in the case of a tenant not having a right of occupancy it is shown that the improvement was made in contravention of a written agreement between him and his landlord.
A tenant ejected in execution of a decree, or in pursuance of a notice of ejectment, shall not be entitled to compensation for any improvement begun by him after the institution of the suit or service of the notice, which resulted in his ejectment.
If a landlord tenders to a tenant a lease of his tenancy for a term of not less than twenty years from the date of the tender at the rent paid by the tenant, or at such other rent as may be agreed on, the tender, if accepted by the tenant, shall bar any claim by him to compensation in respect of improvements previously made on the tenancy.
Subject to the foregoing provisions of this Chapter, a tenant who has made an improvement on his tenancy in accordance with this Act, shall not be ejected and the rent payable by him shall not be enhanced, until he has received compensation for the improvement.
(1) A tenant who has cleared and brought under cultivation the waste land in which he has not a right of occupancy shall, if ejected from that land, be entitled to receive from the landlord as the compensation for disturbance, in addition to any compensation for improvements, a sum to be determined by Revenue Court or Revenue Officer in accordance with the merits of the case, but not exceeding five years' rent of the land.
Provided that a tenant who is a joint owner of land to which this section applies shall not be entitled to compensation for disturbance on ejectment from the land or any part thereof.
(2) If rent has been paid for the land by division or appraisement of the produce or by rates fixed with reference to the nature of the crops grown, or if no rents or no rent other than the land revenue of the land and the rates and cesses chargeable thereon, has been paid therefor, the compensation may be computed as if dou
(1) In every suit by a tenant to contest his liability to ejectment or by a landlord to eject a tenant or to enhance his rent, the Court shall direct the tenant to file a statement of his claim, if any, to compensation for improvements or for disturbance and of the grounds thereof.
(2) If the Court decrees the ejectment of the tenant or the enhancement of his rent it shall determine the amount of compensation, if any, due to the tenant and shall stay execution of the decree until the landlord pays into Court that amount less any arrears of rent or costs proved to the satisfaction of the Court to be due to him from the tenant.
In either of the following cases, namely :-
(a) when a notice has been served on a tenant under Section 44;
(b) when a notice of ejectment has been served on a tenant under Section 45 and the tenant has not instituted a suit to contest his liability to be ejected,
the tenant may apply to the Revenue Officer having authority to order his ejectment under Section 44 or Section 45, as the case may be, to determinant the amount of compensation due to him for improvements or for disturbance or for both and the Revenue Officer shall determinant the amount, if any, accordingly and stay the ejectment of the tenant until the landlord pays to the Revenue Officer the amount so determined less any arrears of rent or costs proved to the satisfaction of the Revenue Officer to be due to the landlord from the tenant.
In estimating the compensation to be awarded under this Chapter to a tenant for an improvement, the Court or Revenue Officer shall have regard to -
(a) the amount by which the value or the produce of the tenancy, or the value of that produce is increased by the improvement;
(b) the condition of the improvement and the probable duration of its effects;
(c) the labour and capital required for the making of such an improvement;
(d) any reduction or remission of rent or other advantage allowed to the tenant by the landlord in consideration of the improvement; and
(e) in the case of reclamation, or of the conversion of unirrigated into irrigated land, the length of time during which the tenant has had the benefit of the improvement.
(1) The compensation shall be made by payment in money, unless the parties agree that it be made in whole or in part by the grant of a beneficial lease of land or in some other way.
(2) If the parties so agree, the Court or Revenue Officer shall make an order accordingly.
(1) If from any cause the amount of compensation payable to a tenant:-
(a) Under this chapter for improvements or disturbance, or
(b) Under Section 49 for the value of uncut or ungathered crops or the preparation of land for sowing;
has not been determined before the tenant is ejected, the ejectment shall not be invalidated by reason of the omission, but the Court or Revenue Officer which decreed or who ordered the ejectment may, on an application made by the tenant within one year from the date of the ejectment, correct the omission by making in favour of the tenant, an order for the payment to him by the landlord of such compensation as the Court or Officer may determine the tenant to be entitled to.
(2) An order made under Sub-section (1) may be executed in the same manner as a decree for money may be executed by a Revenue Court.
(1) There shall be the same classes of Revenue Officers under this Act, as under the Punjab Land Revenue Act, 1887, (XVII of 1887) and in the absence of any order of the [State] Government to the contrary, a Revenue Officer of any class having jurisdiction within any local limits under that shall be a Revenue Officer of the same class having jurisdiction within the same local limits under this Act.
(2) The expressions "Collector" and "Financial Commissioner" have the same meaning in this Act as in the Punjab Land Revenue Act, 1887.
(1) The following applications and proceedings shall be disposed of by Revenue Officers as such and no Court shall take cognizance of any dispute or matter with respect to which any such application or proceeding might be made or had.
First Group
(a) proceedings under Section 27 for the adjustment of rent expressed in terms of the land revenue;
(aa) [Clause (aa) inserted by Section 11 of Punjab Act 11 of 1925 has been omitted by the Indian (Adaptation of Existing Indian Laws) Order, 1947, Section 4(1).]
(b) proceedings relations to the remission and suspension or rent under Section 30;
(c) applications under Section 43 for the ejectment of a tenant against whom a decree for an arrear of rent in respect of his tenancy has been passed and remains unsatisfied;
(d) applications under Section 45, Sub-section (5), for the ejectment of a tenant
(1) When a Revenue Officer is exercising jurisdiction with respect to any such suit as is described in Sub-section (3), or with respect to an appeal or other proceeding arising out of any such suit, he shall be called a Revenue Court.
(2) There shall be the same classes of Revenue Courts as of Revenue Officers under this Act, and, in the absence of any order of the [State] Government to the contrary, a Revenue Officer of any class having jurisdiction within any local limits under this Act shall be a Revenue Court of the same class having jurisdiction within the same local limits.
Procedure where revenue matter is raised in a Civil Court :- (3) The following suits shall be instituted in, and heard and determined by, Revenue Courts, and no other Court shall take cognizance of any dispute or matter with respect to which any such suit might be instituted.
[Provided that -
(1) Where in
(1) The general superintendence and control over all other Revenue Officers and Revenue Courts shall be vested in, and all such Officers and courts shall be subordinate to, the Financial Commissioner.
(2) Subject to the general superintendence and control of the Financial Commissioner, a Commissioner shall control all other Revenue Officers and Revenue Courts in his division.
(3) Subject as aforesaid and to the control of the Commissioner, a Collector shall control all other Revenue Officers and Revenue Courts in his district.
(1) The Financial Commissioner or a Commissioner or Collector may by written order distribute, in such manner as he thinks fit, any business congizable by any Revenue Officer or Revenue Court under his control.
(2) The Financial Commissioner or Commissioner or Collector may withdraw any case pending before any Revenue Officer or a Revenue Court under his control and, either dispose of it himself, or by written order refer it for disposal to any other Revenue Officer or Revenue Court under his control.
(3) An order under Sub-section (1) or Sub-section (2) shall not empower any Revenue Officer or Revenue Court to exercise any powers or deal with any business which he or it would not be competent to exercise or deal with within the local limits of his or its own jurisdiction.
Subject to the provisions of this Act and the rules thereunder, an appeal shall lie from an original or appellate order or decree made this Act, by a Revenue Officer or Revenue Court, as follows, namely :-
(a) to the Collector when the order or decree is made by an Assistant Collector of either grade;
(b) to the Commissioner when the order or decree is made by a Collector;
(c) to the Financial Commissioner when the order or decree is made by a Commissioner.
Provided that -
(i) an appeal from an order or decree made by an Assistant Collector of the 1st grade specially empowered by name in that behalf by the [State] Government in a suit mentioned in the 1st group of Sub-section (3) of Section 77 shall lie to the Commissioner and not to the Collector;
(ii) when an original order or decree is confirmed on first appeal, a further appeal shall
The period of limitation for an appeal under the last foregoing section shall run from the date of the order or decree appealed against, and shall be as follows, that is to say :-
(a) when the appeal lies to the Collector - thirty days;
(b) when the appeal lies to the Commissioner - sixty days;
(c) when the appeal lies to the Financial Commissioner - ninety days.
(1) A Revenue Officer as such may either on his own motion or the application of any party interested, review and on so reviewing modify reverse or confirm any order passed by himself or by any of his predecessors in office;
Provided as follows :-
(a) when Commissioner or Collector thinks it necessary to review any order which he has not himself passed, and when a Revenue Officers of a class below that of Collector proposes to review any order whether passed by himself or by any of his predecessors in office, he shall first obtain the sanction of the Revenue Officer to whose control he is immediately subject;
(b) no application for review of an order shall be entertained unless it is made within ninty days from the passing of the order, or unless the applicant satisfies the Revenue Officer that he had sufficient cause for not making the application within that period;
(c) an order
In the computation of the period for an appeal from or an application for the review of an order under this Act, the limitation therefor shall be governed by the Indian Limitation Act, 1877.[ ]
(1) The Financial Commissioner may at any time call for the record of any case pending before, or disposed of by any Revenue Officer or Revenue Court subordinate to him;
(2) A Commissioner or Collector may call for the record of any case pending before, or disposed of by any Revenue Officer or Revenue Court under his control;
(3) If in any case in which a Commissioner or Collector has called for a record he is of opinion that the proceedings taken or the order or decree made should be modified or reversed, he shall submit the record with his opinion on the case for the orders of the Financial Commissioner;
(4) If, after examining a record called for by himself under Sub-section (1) or submitted to him under Sub-section (3), the Financial Commissioner is of opinion that it is inexpedient to interfere with the proceedings or the order or decree, he shall pass an order accordingly;
(
(1) The [State] Government may make [rules] consistent with this Act for regulating the procedure of Revenue Officers under this Act in cases in which a procedure is not prescribed by this Act.
(2) The rules may provide, among other matters, for the mode of enforcing orders of ejectment from, and delivery of possession of, immovable property, and rules providing for those matters may confer on a Revenue Officer all or any of the powers in regard to contempts, resistance and the like which a Civil Court may exercise in the execution of a decree whereby it has adjudged ejectment from, or delivery of possession of, such property.
(3) The rules may also provide for the mode of executing orders as to costs, and may adapt to proceedings under this Act all or any of the provisions of the Punjab Land Revenue Act, 1887, with respect to arbitration.
(4) Subject to the rules under this section, a Revenue Officer
(1) Appearance before a Revenue Officer as such, and applications to and acts to be done before him, under this Act may be made or done.
(a) by the parties themselves, or
(b) by the recognized agents or a legal practitioner :
Provided that the employment of a recognised agent or legal practitioner shall not excuse the personal attendance of a party to any proceeding in any case in which personal attendance is specially required by an order of the officer.
(2) For the purposes of Sub-section (1), recognized agents shall be such persons as the [State] Government may by notification declare in this behalf.
(3) The fees of a legal practitioner shall not be allowed as costs in any proceedings before a Revenue Officer under this Act, unless that officer considers, for reasons to be recorded by him in writing, that the fees should be allowed.
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(1) A Revenue Officer may give and apportion the costs of any proceedings under this Act in any manner he thinks fit.
(2) But if he orders that the costs of any such proceedings shall not follow the event, he shall record his reasons for the order.
(1) The [State] Government may [-] make [rules] consistent with this Act for regulating the procedure of Revenue Courts in matters under this Act for which a procedure is not prescribed thereby, and may by any such rule direct that any provisions of the [Code of Civil Procedure] shall apply, with or without modification, to all or any classes of cases before those Courts.
(2) Until rules are made under Sub-section (1), and subject to those rules when made and to the provisions of this Act -
(a) the [Code of Civil Procedure] shall, so far as it is applicable, apply to all proceedings in Revenue Courts whether before or after decree; and
(b) the Financial Commissioner shall, in respect of those proceedings be deemed to be the High Court within the meaning of that Code, and shall subject to the provisions of this Act, exercise, as regards the Courts under his control, all the powers of a High Court under
(1) A Revenue Officer or Revenue Court may summon any person whose attendance he or it considers necessary for the purpose of any application, suit, or other business before him or it as a Revenue Officer or Revenue Court.
(2) A person so summoned shall be bound to appear at the time and place mentioned in the summons in person or if the summons so allows, by his recognised agent or a legal practitioner.
(3) The person attending in obedience to the summons shall be bound to state the truth upon any matter respecting which he is examined or makes statements, and to produce such documents and other things relating to any such matter as the Revenue Officer or Revenue Court may require.
(1) A summon issued by a Revenue Officer or Revenue Court shall, if practicable, be served (a) personally on the person to whom it is addressed, or failing him on (b) his recognized agent, or (c) an adult male member of his family who is residing with him.
(2) If service cannot be, made, or if acceptance of service so made is refused, the summons may be served by pasting a copy thereof at the usual or last known place of residence of the person to whom it is addressed, or, if that person does not reside in the district in which the Revenue Officer is employed to the Revenue Court is held and the case to which the summons relates has reference to land in that district, then by pasting a copy of the summons on some conspicuous place in or near the estate wherein the land is situate.
(3) If the summons relates to a case in which persons having the same interest are so numerous that personal service on all of them is not reason
A notice order or proclamation, or copy of any such document issued by a Revenue Officer or Revenue Court for service on any person shall be served in the manner provided in the last foregoing section for the service of a summon.
Where a proclamation relating to any land is issued by a Revenue Officer or Revenue Court, it shall in addition to any other mode of publication which may be prescribed by any enactment for the time being in force, be made by beat of drum or other customary method, and by the pasting of a copy thereof on a conspicious place in or near the land to which it relates.
(1) Any number of tenants cultivating in the same estate may, in the discretion of the Revenue Officer or Revenue Court and subject to any rules which the [State] Government may make in this behalf be made parties to any proceeding under Chapter III.
(2) But a decree or order shall not be made in any such proceeding unless the Revenue Officer or Revenue Court is satisfied that all the parties thereto have had an opportunity of appearing and being heard.
(3) A decree or order made in any such proceeding shall specify the extent to which each of the tenants is affected thereby.
Nothing in Section 424 of the [Code of Civil Procedure, (XIV of 1882)] on in Section 36 [Punjab Municipal Act, 1884 (XIII of 1884)], shall be constructed to apply to a suit of a class mentioned in section 77 of this Act.
(1) When a defendant admits that money is due from him on account of rent, but pleads that it is due not to the plaintiff but to a third person, the court, shall, except for special reasons to be recorded by it, refuse to take cognizance of the plea unless the defendant pays into Court the amount so admitted to be due.
(2) Where such a payment is made the court shall forthwith cause notice of the payment to be served on the third person.
(3) Unless the third person within three months from the receipt of the notice institutes a suit against the plaintiff and therein obtains an order restraining payment of the money, it shall be paid to the plaintiff on his application to the court therefor.
(4) Nothing in this section shall affect the right of any person to recover from the plaintiff money paid to him under Sub-section (3).
(5) When a defendant pays money into court under this sec
A Court passing a decree for an arrear of rent may, on the oral application of the decree holder, order execution thereof against the movable property of the tenant, and against any uncut or ungathered crops on the tenancy in respect of which the arrear is decreed.
A tenant shall be not, during the continuance of his occupancy, be liable to imprisonment on the application of his landlord in execution of a decree for an arrear of rent.
(1) If, in any proceeding pending before a Revenue Court exercising original, appellate or revisional jurisdiction it appears to the court that any question in issue is more proper for decision by a Civil Court, the Revenue Court may, with the previous sanction of the court, if, any to the control of which it is immediately subject, require, by order in writing, any party to the proceeding to institute, within such time at it may for fix in this behalf, a suit in the Civil court for the purpose of obtaining a decision on the question, and, if he fails to comply with the requisition, may decide the question, as it thinks fit.
(2) If the party institutes the suit in compliance with the requisition, the Revenue Court shall dispose of the proceeding pending before it in accordance with the final decision of the Civil Court of first instance or appeal, as the case may be.
(1) If the presiding officer of a Civil or Revenue Court in which a suit has been instituted doubts whether he is precluded from taking cognizance of the suit, he may refer the matter through the [District Judge] or Commissioner, or if he is a [District Judge] or Commissioner, directly to the [High Court.]
(2) On any such reference being made, the [High Court] may order the presiding officer either to proceed with the suit or to return the plaint for presentation in such other court as it may in its order declare to be competent to take cognizance of the suit.
(3) The order of the [High Court] on any such reference shall be conclusive as against persons who are not parties to the suit as well as against the persons who are parties thereto.
(1) In either of the following cases, namely :-
(a) if it appears to a Civil Court that a Court under its control has determined a suit for a class mentioned in Section 77 which under the provisions of that Section should have been heard and determined by a Revenue Court; or
(b) if it appears to a Revenue Court that a Court under its control has determined a suit which should have been heard by a Civil Court, the Civil Court or Revenue Court as the case may be, shall submit the record of the suit to the [High Court.]
(2) If on perusal of the record it appears to the [High Court] that the suit was so determined in good faith and that the parties have not been prejudiced by the mistake as to jurisdiction, the [High Court] may order that the decree be registered in the Court which has jurisdiction.
(3) If it appears to the [High Court], otherwise than on submission of a record under
(1) An Assistant Collector may exercise his powers under this Act at any place within the limits of the district in which he is employed.
(2) Any other Revenue Officer or Revenue Court may only exercise his or its powers under this Act within the local limits of his or its jurisdiction.
(1) The Financial Commissioner, with the approval of the [State] Government, shall publish in the [Official Gazette] before the commencement of each calendar year a list of days to be observed in that year as holidays by all or any Revenue Officers and Revenue Courts.
(2) A proceeding held before a Revenue Officer or Revenue Court on a day specified in the list as a day to be observed by the officer or court as a holiday shall not be invalid by reason only of its having been held on that day.
When a Collector dies or is disabled from performing his duties, the officer who succeeds temporarily to the chief executive administration of the district under any orders which may be generally or specially issued by the [State] Government on this behalf, shall be deemed to be a Collector under this Act.
When a Revenue Officer of any class who either as such or as a Revenue Court, has under the foregoing provisions of this Act any powers to be exercised in any local area is transferred from that local area to another as a Revenue Officer or Revenue Court of the same or a higher class, he shall continue to exercise those powers in that other local area, unless the [State] Government otherwise directs or has otherwise directed.
(1) the [State] Government may by notification confer on any person :-
(a) all or any of the powers of a Financial Commissioner, Commissioner or Collector under this Act; or
(b) all or any of the powers with which an Assistant Collector of either grade is, or may be invested thereunder, and may by notification withdraw any powers so conferred.
(2) A person on whom powers are conferred under Sub-section (1) shall exercise those powers within such local limits and in such classes of cases as the State Government may direct, and, except as otherwise directed by the [State] Government, shall for all purposes connected with the exercise thereof be deemed a Financial Commissioner, Commissioner, Collector or Assistant Collector, as the case may be.
(3) Before conferring powers on the judge of a Civil Court under Sub-section (1), the [State] Government shall consult the [High Court].
<(1) The Financial Commissioner may, in addition to the other rules which may be made by him under this Act, make rules consistent with this Act and any other enactment for the time being in force :
(a) determining, notwithstanding anything in any record-of-rights, the number and amount of the instalments and the times by and at which rent is to be paid;
(b) for the guidance of Revenue Officers in determining for the purposes of this Act, the amount of the land revenue of any land;
(c) prescribing, for all or any of the territories to which this Act extends, the periods during which in proceedings held under this Act, a Revenue Officer or Revenue Court is not, except for reasons of urgency to be recorded, to issue any process of arrest against a tenant or against a landowner who cultivates his own land;
(d) regulating the procedure in cases where persons are entitled to inspect rec
(1) No person shall practise as petition-writer in any Revenue Court or Revenue Office, unless he has been licensed under rules made under this Act.
(2) A person who contravenes the provisions of Sub-section (1) shall be liable to the prescribed penalty, which shall not exceed fifty rupees in any case.
(3) The Financial Commissioner may, from time to time, make rules consistent with this Act and other enactments for the time being in force;
(i) declaring what persons shall be permitted to act as petition writers in the Revenue Courts and Revenue offices;
(ii) regulating the issue, suspension and revocation of licences to such person, the fees payable for the issue of licences, the conduct of business by them and scale of fees to be charged by them; and
(iii) providing for the penalty that may be imposed under Sub-section (2), the authority who shall be compet
The power to make any rules under this Act is subject [-] to the condition of the rules being made after previous publication.
All powers conferred by this Act on the Financial Commissioner may be exercised from time to time as occasion requires.
An entry in any record-of-rights providing -
(a) that a landlord may prevent a tenant from making or eject him for making, such improvements on his tenancy as he is entitled to make under this Act; or
(b) that a tenant ejected from his tenancy shall not be entitled to compensation for improvements or for disturbance in any case in which he would under this Act be entitled to compensation therefor; or
(c) that landlord may eject a tenant otherwise than in accordance with the provisions of this Act, shall be void to that extent.
(1) Nothing in any agreement made between a landlord and a tenant after the passing of this Act shall -
(a) override any of the provisions of this Act with respect to the acquisition of right of occupancy or the reduction, remission or suspension of rent or the enhancement of the rent of a tenant having a right of occupancy under Section 5 or Section 6; or
(b) take away or limit the right of a tenant as determined by this Act to make improvements, and claim compensation therefor, or, where compensation for disturbances can be claimed under the Act, to claim such compensation; or
(c) entitle a landlord to eject a tenant otherwise than in accordance with the provisions of this Act.
(2) Nothing in clause (a) of Sub-section (1) shall apply to an agreement by which a tenant binds himself to pay an enhanced rent in consideration of an improvement which has been, or is to be, made in res
Save as expressly provided in this Act, nothing in this Act this affect the operation of any agreement between a landlord and a tenant, when the agreement either is in writing or has been recorded in a record-of-rights before the passing of the Punjab Land Revenue Act, 1887 (XVII of 1887), or been entered by order of a Revenue Officer in a record-of-rights or annual record under the provisions of that Act.
An entry made with respect to any of the following matters before the eighteenth day of November, 1871, and attested by the proper officer, in the record of a regular settlement sanctioned by the [State] Government namely :-
(a) the enhancement or abatement of the rent of a tenant having a right or occupancy of the computation of rent in kind into rent in money or of rent in money into rent in king, on the taking of rent in kind by division or appraisement of the produce or other procedure of a like nature, or
(b) the letting or under-letting of land in which there is a right of occupancy by the tenant having that right, or the alienation of or succession to land in which such a right subsists;
shall be deemed to be an agreement within the meaning of the last foregoing section.
The Schedule
(Repealed by Repealing and amending Act 1891 (No 12 of 1891) Section
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