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2025 Supreme(SC) 387

SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
Dipankar Datta, Sandeep Mehta, JJ.
State of Karnataka – Appellant
Versus
T.N. Sudhakar Reddy – Respondent
Criminal Appeal No(s). 5001 of 2024 (Arising out of SLP(Criminal) No(s). 13264 of 2024)
Decided On : 17-02-2025

Advocates Appeared:
For the Appellant(s) : Nishanth Patil, AOR Mr. Nishanth Patil, Adv. Mr. Ayush P Shah, Adv. Mr. Arijit Dey, Adv. Mr. Mehul Kumar Garg, Adv. Mr. Vineeth Pr, Adv.
For the Respondent(s): Mr. Anand Sanjay M Nuli, Sr. Adv. Ms. Akhila Wali, Adv. Mr. Suraj Kaushik, Adv. Mr. Nanda Kumar K B, Adv. Mr. Dharam Singh, Adv. Mrs. Samina S, Adv. Mr. Akash Kukreja, Adv. Mr. Abhishek Kanyalur, Adv. M/S. Nuli & Nuli, AOR

A preliminary inquiry is not mandatory before registering an FIR under the Prevention of Corruption Act if a prima facie case exists based on a detailed source information report.

Headnote:(A) Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 - Sections 12, 13(1)(b), and 13(2) - Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 - Section 482 - Quashing of FIR - High Court quashed FIR against public servant for disproportionate assets without preliminary inquiry - Supreme Court held preliminary inquiry not mandatory if prima facie case exists - Superintendent of Police's order to register FIR and investigate was valid and compliant with law. (Paras 51, 52)

(B) Preliminary Inquiry - Requirement - Preliminary inquiry is not a mandatory prerequisite for registration of FIR in corruption cases; it is discretionary based on the facts of each case. (Paras 20, 24)

Facts of the case:
The respondent, a public servant, was accused of acquiring assets disproportionate to his known income, amounting to Rs. 3,81,40,246/-. The FIR was registered based on a source information report.

Findings of Court:
The High Court's decision to quash the FIR was erroneous; the Superintendent of Police's order was well-reasoned and justified.

Issues: Whether a preliminary inquiry was necessary before FIR registration and the validity of the Superintendent's order.

Ratio Decidendi: The court ruled that a detailed source information report can substitute for a preliminary inquiry, and the Superintendent of Police acted within his authority.

Result: Appeal allowed; FIR restored.

Judgement Key Points

Certainly. Based on the provided legal document, here are the key points:

  1. The registration of an FIR under the Prevention of Corruption Act does not mandatorily require a preliminary inquiry if there is a detailed, credible source information report indicating a prima facie case of corruption or disproportionate assets (!) (!) .

  2. A detailed source information report can serve as a substitute for a preliminary inquiry, especially when it thoroughly documents financial irregularities and indicates a prima facie case, thereby justifying the registration of an FIR and subsequent investigation (!) (!) .

  3. The order issued by the Superintendent of Police to register an FIR and investigate was valid and lawful when based on a comprehensive, well-reasoned assessment of the source information report, and not merely mechanical or perfunctory (!) (!) .

  4. The authority of the Superintendent of Police to direct registration of the FIR and investigation under the relevant provisions is supported by the legal framework, which allows a composite order for both registration and investigation without prior formal registration of an FIR (!) (!) .

  5. The High Court's requirement of a formal FIR before issuing an investigation order and its procedural framework are inconsistent with the statutory provisions and the broader legal principles governing investigation procedures under the relevant law (!) (!) .

  6. The procedural safeguards and the scope of investigation are designed to facilitate effective law enforcement and are not intended to impose insurmountable procedural hurdles that could impede the investigation of corruption cases (!) (!) .

  7. The purpose of procedural laws in corruption cases is to ensure a fair and thorough investigation while preventing abuse or frivolous proceedings. However, procedural requirements should not unduly restrict the authority of law enforcement agencies to initiate investigations based on credible information (!) (!) .

  8. The legal framework recognizes that the investigation authority, particularly the Superintendent of Police, has the administrative capacity and legal competence to evaluate source reports, direct registration of FIRs, and authorize investigations, provided the orders are well-reasoned and based on credible, detailed information (!) (!) .

  9. The order passed by the Superintendent of Police in this case, which combined the registration of the FIR and the authorization to investigate, was lawful and properly reasoned, and the High Court erred in quashing the FIR on procedural grounds (!) (!) .

  10. Overall, the law supports a flexible, fact-based approach where credible, detailed source information reports can justify immediate registration of FIRs and investigation without the need for a preliminary inquiry, provided the orders are reasoned and based on a proper assessment of the information (!) (!) .

Please let me know if you need further analysis or specific legal advice regarding this case.


JUDGMENT :

Mehta, J.

1. Heard.

2. The present appeal by special leave is preferred by the appellant-State, challenging the judgment and final order dated 4th March, 2024 passed by the High Court of Karnataka at Bengaluru1[Hereinafter referred to as ‘High Court’.], whereby the High Court allowed the Criminal Petition No. 13460 of 2023, filed by respondent-accused2[Hereinafter referred to as ‘the respondent.’]under Section 482 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 19733[Hereinafter referred to as ‘CrPC’.], and quashed the FIR being Crime No. 56 of 2023 registered by the Karnataka Lokayukta Police Station, Bangalore against the respondent for the offences punishable under Section 13(1)(b) and Section 12 read with Section 13(2) of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988.4[Hereinafter referred to as the ‘PC Act.’]

Brief facts:

3. The respondent is a public servant who joined the Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited5[Hereinafter referred to as the ‘KPTCL.’] on 3rd August, 2007 as an Assistant Executive Engineer (Electrical). In 2021, he was promoted to the post of Deputy General Manager (Vigilance)/Executive Engineer (Electrical) at BESCOM, Bengaluru, Vigilance Squad, Bangalore and was discharging his duties in the said capacity.

4. The Police Inspector, Karnataka Lokayukta, Bangalore, submitted a source information report dated 10th November, 2023 to the Superintendent of Police, Karnataka Lokayukta, Bangalore6[Hereinafter referred to as the ‘Superintendent of Police’.] alleging inter alia that during his service tenure in various government department units, the respondent had acquired assets amounting to Rs. 3,81,40,246/-, which were disproportionate and almost 90.72% more than his known sources of income.

5. Based on the said source information report, the Superintendent of Police issued an order dated 4th December, 2023, directing the Deputy Superintendent of Police, Karnataka Lokayukta, Bangalore7[ Hereinafter referred to as ‘Deputy Superintendent of Police.’] to register a case against the respondent for offences punishable under Section 13(1)(b), and Section 12 read with Section 13(2) of the PC Act, and further authorized the said officer to conduct the investigation of the case. The order dated 4th December, 2023 around which the controversy revolves is reproduced herein below for ready reference: -

“KARNATAKA LOKAYUKTHA

No KLA/B'City(SP-2)/Source/02/2023

Office of the Superintendent of Police,

Karnataka Lokayukta,

Bengaluru City-2, Bengaluru,

Dated 04.12.2023

PROCEEDINGS OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF POLICE KARNATAKA LOKAYUKTHA BENGALURU CITY-2

Sub Possession of properties disproportionate to known source of income by Sri. T N Sudhakar Reddy, DGM,(EE) Ele, BESCOM Vigilance, Bangalore.

Ref Source Report submitted by Sri Balaji Babu H N, Police Inspector-8, Karnataka Lokayukta, Bengaluru City P S, Dated 10.11.2023

I have gone through the source report submitted by Sri Balaji Babu H N, Police Inspector-8, Karnataka Lokayukta, Bengaluru City P S, relating to his receipt of credible information that Shri T N Sudhakar Reddy, DGM,(EE) Ele, BESCOM Vigilance, Bangalore has acquired properties disproportionate to his known source of income to the extent of Rs 3,81,40,246/- and thereby committed an offence under section 13(l)(b) r/w 13(2) and 12 of Prevention of Corruption Act 1988.

From the material placed before me and with application of my mind I am satisfied that a prima-facie case is made out against Sri T N Sudhakar Reddy, D6M (EE), Ele, BESCOM Vigilance, Bangalore Warranting a statutory investigation for an offence under section 13(l)(b) r/w 13(2) & 12 of Prevention of Corruption Act 1988.

ORDER NO. KLA/INV/BCD/SP-2/02/2023, DATED. 04.12.2023.

Therefore by virtue of the powers vested in me under provisions of Section 17 of the Prevention of Co

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