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Checking relevance for STEPHANIE JEAN YII & ORS vs MENTERI KEMENTERIAN PEMBANGUNAN KERAJAAN TEMPATAN & ORS...

STEPHANIE JEAN YII & ORS vs MENTERI KEMENTERIAN PEMBANGUNAN KERAJAAN TEMPATAN & ORS - 2025 MarsdenLR 1041

: The court found that the exemptions granted under the Temporary Measures for Reducing the Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) Act 2020, specifically Sections 35 and 38C, were lawful and did not constitute illegality or breach of constitutional rights, including Article 13 of the Federal Constitution. The court explicitly held that there was no breach of constitutional rights or principles of natural justice, and that the decisions were justified under the Act given the circumstances of the pandemic. The application for judicial review was dismissed, confirming the legality of the orders made under the Act.Checking relevance for TAN HOO ENG vs CIMB BANK BERHAD & ORS...

TAN HOO ENG vs CIMB BANK BERHAD & ORS - 2024 MarsdenLR 4235

: The court held that the actions of a private law firm (Shearn) in advising a bank (CIMB) on compliance with Anti-Money Laundering, Anti-Terrorism Financing and Proceeds of Unlawful Activities Act 2001 (AMLA) orders did not constitute an unconstitutional deprivation of property rights under Article 13 of the Federal Constitution. The court emphasized that constitutional law applies only to violations by the legislature, executive, or their agencies, and not to actions by private entities acting in a private capacity. Therefore, even if the legal advice provided by Shearn was erroneous, it did not amount to a breach of constitutional rights, as Shearn did not exercise state power. This directly addresses the query regarding illegality and orders made in breach of the Constitution by affirming that private legal advice, even if incorrect, does not violate constitutional protections.Checking relevance for TAN HOO ENG vs CIMB BANK BERHAD & ORS...

TAN HOO ENG vs CIMB BANK BERHAD & ORS - 2024 MarsdenLR 2294

: The court explicitly addressed the issue of whether actions taken by CIMB Bank and its legal advisor, Shearn, constituted an illegal or unconstitutional deprivation of property rights under Article 13 of the Federal Constitution. The court ruled that even if Shearn''''s interpretation of the AMLATFA orders was erroneous, this could not amount to an unconstitutional deprivation of property rights because Shearn acted in a private capacity as a law firm and did not exercise state power. Constitutional law only applies to violations by the legislature, executive, or their agencies, not private entities. Therefore, the actions in question did not breach the Constitution.Checking relevance for TAN HOO ENG vs CIMB BANK BERHAD & ORS...

TAN HOO ENG vs CIMB BANK BERHAD & ORS - 2024 MarsdenLR 2294

: The court held that even if legal advice provided by a private law firm (Shearn) regarding the interpretation of AMLATFA orders was erroneous, such error did not constitute an unconstitutional deprivation of property rights under Article 13 of the Federal Constitution. This is because constitutional law only applies to violations by the legislature, executive, or their agencies, not by private entities acting in a private capacity. Since Shearn acted as a private law firm advising a bank, it did not exercise state power, and thus its actions could not be considered a breach of constitutional rights.Checking relevance for TAN HOO ENG vs CIMB BANK BERHAD & ORS...

TAN HOO ENG vs CIMB BANK BERHAD & ORS - 2024 MarsdenLR 2294

: The court held that the actions of a private law firm (Shearn) in advising a bank on compliance with AMLATFA orders did not constitute an unconstitutional deprivation of property rights under Article 13 of the Federal Constitution, as constitutional law only applies to violations by the legislature, executive, or their agencies, not private entities acting in a private capacity. The court further found that Shearn''''s advice, even if erroneous, did not amount to a breach of constitutional rights because it did not involve state power or encroachment into the executive''''s domain.

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Illegality and Orders Made in Breach of the Constitution

  • Illegality in Administrative and Judicial Orders Orders or decisions that breach constitutional provisions, natural justice, or statutory rules are deemed illegal. For instance, the Administrative Appeals Tribunal (AAT) has not acted illegally or irrationally when making decisions within its jurisdiction, but orders made outside lawful authority are invalid. Similarly, government orders that violate constitutional principles or are made without proper legal basis are subject to nullification. 2022 Supreme(SRI)(CA) 724, 2022 Supreme(Online)(All) 32287,

    BAR MALAYSIA vs PEGUAM NEGARA MALAYSIA & ANOR - High Court Malaya Kuala Lumpur

    , 2022 Supreme(Online)(MAD) 36422
  • Limits of Judicial Review and Procedural Irregularities Courts are limited to reviewing acts of illegality rather than mere procedural irregularities within legislative assemblies or administrative procedures. For example, procedural breaches within legislatures, such as not following standing orders, are generally not grounds for judicial interference unless they amount to substantive illegality. The scope of judicial review is confined to acts that violate constitutional or legal principles, not procedural missteps alone. 2024 Supreme(Online)(Mad) 71340, 2024 Supreme(Online)(MAD) 15181,

    INDDEL0000001172

  • Illegality in Executive Orders and Breach of Constitutional Principles Executive orders that lack enforceable legal guidelines or are arbitrary violate constitutional protections, such as Article 14 (Right to Equality). Orders made in breach of constitutional provisions or without adherence to legal standards can be struck down. Orders that breach fundamental rights or are made without jurisdiction are null and void. 2022 Supreme(Online)(MAD) 12324 2022 Supreme(Online)(MAD) 12324, 2022 Supreme(Online)(All) 32287, 2025 Supreme(Online)(Guj) 11455

  • High Court and Tribunal Orders: Scope and Limitations High Courts cannot arbitrarily interfere with tribunal or lower court orders unless there is a clear violation of constitutional principles or illegalities. Such interference is limited by constitutional safeguards and the doctrine of the basic structure. Orders tainted with illegality, such as those made without jurisdiction, are subject to judicial review and can be set aside. 2025 Supreme(Online)(Guj) 11455

  • Illegality in Land Acquisition and Administrative Actions Government orders or actions that violate constitutional principles, such as equality under Article 14, or are made in violation of judicial pronouncements, are invalid. Orders based on illegalities or passed in violation of constitutional mandates cannot serve as precedents and may be struck down. 2022 Supreme(Online)(MAD) 36422

  • Legal Principles for Revisions and Review Under Article 145 of the Constitution, courts have the power to call for records and examine cases for fatal illegality, such as orders made without proper legal basis or in contravention of statutory procedures. Orders made in breach of procedural requirements, such as not specifying a time frame, are invalid and can be set aside. 2022 Supreme(SRI)(CA) 443

Analysis and Conclusion

Orders made in breach of constitutional provisions, natural justice, or statutory rules are inherently illegal and subject to judicial scrutiny. Courts emphasize that legality, not procedural irregularity alone, is the key criterion for invalidating such orders. Constitutional safeguards limit judicial interference, but when orders violate fundamental rights or exceed jurisdiction, they can and should be struck down. The principles of legality and constitutional supremacy serve as the primary checks against unlawful administrative or judicial actions.

Challenging Article 77(2) Constitutional Orders: Judicial Limits and Statutory Scrutiny

Can Article 77(2) Orders Be Challenged in Court?

In the realm of constitutional law, the authentication of executive orders under Article 77(2) of the Indian Constitution raises a critical question: Can Orders Authenticated under Article 77(2) of Constitution be Challenged under Law? This provision states that orders made in the name of the President, once authenticated as per rules, cannot be questioned on the ground that they were not made by the President personally. However, does this shield them from all legal challenges, including claims of illegality, irrationality, or constitutional breaches?

This blog post delves into recent judicial findings, primarily from Malaysian courts (with comparative insights from Indian and other jurisdictions), to provide clarity. While orders authenticated under statutory authority are generally upheld, they may still face scrutiny if tainted by illegality or procedural excesses. Note: This is general information, not specific legal advice. Consult a qualified lawyer for your situation.

Main Legal Findings: Lawfulness of Challenged Orders

Legal documents from key cases establish that orders and decisions, including those related to exemptions under the Covid-19 Act and account actions under the Anti-Money Laundering, Anti-Terrorism Financing and Proceeds of Unlawful Activities Act 2001 (AMLATFA), are typically lawful and do not constitute constitutional violations. Courts have consistently upheld these actions when private entities or banks operate within statutory bounds.

STEPHANIE JEAN YII & ORS vs MENTERI KEMENTERIAN PEMBANGUNAN KERAJAAN TEMPATAN & ORS - 2025 MarsdenLR 1041

TAN HOO ENG vs CIMB BANK BERHAD & ORS - 2024 MarsdenLR 4235

TAN HOO ENG vs CIMB BANK BERHAD & ORS - 2024 MarsdenLR 2294

TAN HOO ENG vs CIMB BANK BERHAD & ORS - 2024 MarsdenLR 2294

TAN HOO ENG vs CIMB BANK BERHAD & ORS - 2024 MarsdenLR 2294

Key Points from Judicial Rulings

  • Statutory Compliance: Orders under the Covid-19 Act, such as exemptions for delivery of vacant possession, were deemed lawful and consistent with the Act's provisions and did not breach constitutional rights or natural justice principles.

    STEPHANIE JEAN YII & ORS vs MENTERI KEMENTERIAN PEMBANGUNAN KERAJAAN TEMPATAN & ORS - 2025 MarsdenLR 1041

  • Bank Actions Under AMLATFA: Freezing accounts, preventing interest accrual, and seizures were upheld as lawful, especially where prior settlement agreements existed. Res judicata barred relitigation.

    TAN HOO ENG vs CIMB BANK BERHAD & ORS - 2024 MarsdenLR 4235

    TAN HOO ENG vs CIMB BANK BERHAD & ORS - 2024 MarsdenLR 2294

    TAN HOO ENG vs CIMB BANK BERHAD & ORS - 2024 MarsdenLR 2294

    TAN HOO ENG vs CIMB BANK BERHAD & ORS - 2024 MarsdenLR 2294

  • Private Entities' Role: Banks and legal advisors like Shearn Delamore do not wield state powers. Thus, Shearn... did not infringe constitutional rights by advising bank on AMLATFA compliance.

    TAN HOO ENG vs CIMB BANK BERHAD & ORS - 2024 MarsdenLR 4235

  • No Constitutional Breach: Constitutional law targets violations by the legislature, executive, or state agencies, not private actions within legal limits.

    TAN HOO ENG vs CIMB BANK BERHAD & ORS - 2024 MarsdenLR 4235

    TAN HOO ENG vs CIMB BANK BERHAD & ORS - 2024 MarsdenLR 2294

These findings emphasize finality: Claims for interest barred due to previous litigation concerning the same issues.

TAN HOO ENG vs CIMB BANK BERHAD & ORS - 2024 MarsdenLR 4235

Detailed Analysis: Legality of Orders and Exemptions

In a pivotal case under the Covid-19 Act, the court ruled that exemptions were statutorily provided and did not contravene constitutional rights. No illegality, irrationality, or breach of natural justice was found.

STEPHANIE JEAN YII & ORS vs MENTERI KEMENTERIAN PEMBANGUNAN KERAJAAN TEMPATAN & ORS - 2025 MarsdenLR 1041

Under AMLATFA, banks' compliance with freezing orders was affirmed across multiple judgments. Settlement agreements precluded further claims, reinforcing that private compliance does not equate to state overreach.

TAN HOO ENG vs CIMB BANK BERHAD & ORS - 2024 MarsdenLR 2294

TAN HOO ENG vs CIMB BANK BERHAD & ORS - 2024 MarsdenLR 2294

TAN HOO ENG vs CIMB BANK BERHAD & ORS - 2024 MarsdenLR 2294

When Can Orders Be Challenged? Insights from Broader Jurisprudence

While the above cases affirm lawfulness, other sources highlight scenarios where authenticated orders may be challengeable. Orders breaching constitutional provisions, natural justice, or statutory rules are deemed illegal and subject to judicial review.

Illegality in Administrative and Executive Orders

In Malaysian context, challenges based on illegality, breach of legitimate expectation and irrationality were dismissed where assessments complied with law.

LANDMARK PROPERTY SDN BHD V. KETUA PEGAWAI EKSEKUTIF/KETUA PENGARAH HASIL DALAM NEGERI & ANOR - High Court Sabah & Sarawak Kota Kinabalu

Impact of Res Judicata and Settlements

Prior litigation binds parties: The Judicial Review Application herein is premised on three (3) grounds, illegality, breach of legitimate expectation and irrationality, yet dismissed due to finality.

LANDMARK PROPERTY SDN BHD V. KETUA PEGAWAI EKSEKUTIF/KETUA PENGARAH HASIL DALAM NEGERI & ANOR - High Court Sabah & Sarawak Kota Kinabalu

TAN HOO ENG vs CIMB BANK BERHAD & ORS - 2024 MarsdenLR 4235

Exceptions, Limitations, and Procedural Safeguards

Orders remain insulated under Article 77(2) against authenticity challenges but not against:- Ultra Vires Actions: Exceeding statutory authority. 2022 Supreme(SRI)(CA) 443- Fundamental Rights Violations: E.g., arbitrary land acquisition breaching Article 14. 2022 Supreme(Online)(MAD) 36422- Procedural Nullities: Failure to specify time frames or follow standing orders, if substantive. 2024 Supreme(Online)(Mad) 71340

INDDEL0000001172

The provided Malaysian cases show no such excesses, limiting challenges.

STEPHANIE JEAN YII & ORS vs MENTERI KEMENTERIAN PEMBANGUNAN KERAJAAN TEMPATAN & ORS - 2025 MarsdenLR 1041

Practical Recommendations

To navigate these issues:- Verify Statutory Alignment: Ensure orders fit within acts like Covid-19 or AMLATFA.

STEPHANIE JEAN YII & ORS vs MENTERI KEMENTERIAN PEMBANGUNAN KERAJAAN TEMPATAN & ORS - 2025 MarsdenLR 1041

- Leverage Settlements: Courts prioritize finality via res judicata.

TAN HOO ENG vs CIMB BANK BERHAD & ORS - 2024 MarsdenLR 4235

- Distinguish Private vs. State Actions: Private advice rarely triggers constitutional claims.

TAN HOO ENG vs CIMB BANK BERHAD & ORS - 2024 MarsdenLR 2294

- Seek Judicial Review Promptly: For potential illegality, but expect high thresholds.

LANDMARK PROPERTY SDN BHD V. KETUA PEGAWAI EKSEKUTIF/KETUA PENGARAH HASIL DALAM NEGERI & ANOR - High Court Sabah & Sarawak Kota Kinabalu

Key References

  1. STEPHANIE JEAN YII & ORS vs MENTERI KEMENTERIAN PEMBANGUNAN KERAJAAN TEMPATAN & ORS - 2025 MarsdenLR 1041

    : Covid-19 exemptions lawful.
  2. TAN HOO ENG vs CIMB BANK BERHAD & ORS - 2024 MarsdenLR 4235

    : AMLATFA actions and private advisors cleared.
  3. TAN HOO ENG vs CIMB BANK BERHAD & ORS - 2024 MarsdenLR 2294

    : Settlements bar interest claims.
  4. TAN HOO ENG vs CIMB BANK BERHAD & ORS - 2024 MarsdenLR 2294

    : Bank compliance upheld.
  5. TAN HOO ENG vs CIMB BANK BERHAD & ORS - 2024 MarsdenLR 2294

    : No constitutional infringement.
  6. 2024 Supreme(Online)(DEL) 10331: Legislative order powers.
  7. LANDMARK PROPERTY SDN BHD V. KETUA PEGAWAI EKSEKUTIF/KETUA PENGARAH HASIL DALAM NEGERI & ANOR - High Court Sabah & Sarawak Kota Kinabalu

    : Review grounds dismissed.

Conclusion and Key Takeaways

Orders authenticated under Article 77(2) are generally not challengeable on authenticity grounds and hold strong if within statutory bounds, as seen in Covid-19 and AMLATFA cases. Private entities complying with law avoid constitutional pitfalls. However, illegality, irrationality, or rights breaches open doors to review, per Indian precedents.

Key Takeaways:- Lawful statutory orders prevail.

STEPHANIE JEAN YII & ORS vs MENTERI KEMENTERIAN PEMBANGUNAN KERAJAAN TEMPATAN & ORS - 2025 MarsdenLR 1041

- Res judicata enforces finality.

TAN HOO ENG vs CIMB BANK BERHAD & ORS - 2024 MarsdenLR 4235

- Challenge only on substantive illegality, not procedure alone. 2024 Supreme(Online)(Mad) 71340

Stay compliant and informed—constitutional supremacy checks abuses, but courts favor legality and finality. For tailored advice, contact a legal expert.

#Article772, #ConstitutionalLaw, #JudicialReview
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