Absence of Specific Sanction Against Individual Does Not Bar Cognizance Under UAPA Sections: Karnataka HC - 2026-01-23

Karnataka High Court Rejects Bail for Alleged PFI Operative, Clarifies Sanction Requirements Under UAPA

In a significant ruling regarding the interpretation of the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA), the High Court of Karnataka has dismissed the bail appeal of Shahid Khan, an accused in the ongoing Special Case No.744 of 2023. The Division Bench, led by Hon'ble Mr. Justice H.P. Sandesh and Hon'ble Mr. Justice Venkatesh Naik T, reaffirmed the stringent nature of bail provisions under the UAPA while addressing procedural arguments surrounding case management and statutory sanctions.

Background: The Allegations Against PFI

The case stems from charges filed by the K.G. Halli Police, which allege that Shahid Khan and nineteen others acted as members and cadres of the Popular Front of India (PFI). The prosecution claims the accused engaged in an extensive conspiracy to radicalize Muslim youth, train them in weaponry, and incite unrest to destabilize the nation and work toward establishing an Islamic state by 2047. The appellant, arrested in September 2022, was specifically alleged to have played a role in recruiting and raising funds for these activities.

The Appellant’s Contentions

The appellant challenged the trial court’s rejection of his bail, arguing several procedural defects: * Lack of Sanction: The defense contended that because no specific prosecution sanction was granted under Section 18 of the UAPA against him, the charges could not legally proceed. * Procedural Seizure Issues: The appellant claimed that cash alleged to be "terror funding" was, in fact, legitimate income from his real estate business and that the police failed to comply with the mandatory seizure procedures under Section 25 of the UAPA. * Delay in Trial: Given the volume of the charge-sheet and the high number of witnesses, the defense argued that a prolonged trial warranted release on bail.

Legal Analysis: Understanding the Bar of Cognizance

The High Court’s analysis focused on Section 45 of the UAPA, which mandates prior government sanction for taking cognizance of offenses. The Bench clarified a critical nuance in legal procedure:

> "A plain reading of Section 45 of UAP Act makes it clear that the bar against taking cognizance applies to offences covered under Chapter IV and VI of UAP Act, unless prior sanction is obtained... The term 'cognizance' refers that, it has to be taken in respect of offences and not against an individual."

The Court reasoned that the absence of a sanction specifically naming the appellant does not invalidate the proceedings, provided the government has accorded sanction for the offense itself. Furthermore, the Bench dismissed the appellant's attempt to summon the case-diary, noting that this is a tool for the court's reference rather than an exhibit accessible to the accused to conduct a "mini-trial."

Key Observations

• On Procedural Lapses: "The failure to follow this procedural formality [Section 25 of UAP Act] does not, by itself, constitute a sufficient ground for granting bail to the appellant, particularly, when there is material on record connecting him to the offence."
• On Successive Bail Appeals: "It is trite law that person's bail application once rejected is not precluded from filing a subsequent application for grant of bail, if there is a change in the fact situation. At the same time... they can be entertained only if there is demonstrable change in circumstances."
• On Judicial Restraint: "The ingredients of Sections 17 and 18 of UAP Act are complied or not is a matter of trial. Hence, at this juncture, the Court cannot conduct a mini-trial."

Decision and Implications

The High Court upheld the trial court's decision, emphasizing that when a prima facie case exists under the UAPA, the statutory bar on bail remains robust. By clarifying that sanction is offense-centric rather than accused-centric, the court has narrowed the scope for technical challenges regarding procedural documentation at the bail stage. This ruling reinforces the judiciary's approach toward maintaining custody in cases of alleged conspiracies against national sovereignty while keeping the trial process intact.