Ensuring Due Process: Kerala HC Affirms Right to Hearing in Anti-Corruption Sanction Proceedings

In a significant judicial development, the High Court of Kerala has emphasized the necessity of adhering to the principles of natural justice within the framework of the Prevention of Corruption (Amendment) Act, 2018 (PC Act). Delivering his judgment, A. Badharudeen, J., ruled that a sanctioning authority cannot grant approval for the prosecution of a public servant without first ensuring that the accused has been provided an "opportunity of being heard."

The Dispute and Procedural Backdrop

The case, V.K. Chacko v. Vegetable and Fruit Promotion Council Keralam , originated from a petition seeking a writ of mandamus. The petitioner, V.K. Chacko, moved the court to compel the Vegetable and Fruit Promotion Council Keralam (V.F.P.C.K) to forward an internal enquiry report—documenting irregularities regarding the appointment of an HR Manager—to the competent authority. This action was intended to facilitate the granting of sanction for prosecution under Section 19 (1) of the PC Act, 2018, as mandated by a previous order from an Enquiry Commissioner and Special Judge .

The respondent, a public servant (referred to as the 5th respondent), challenged the motion, arguing that his appointment was legally sound and that he should not be subject to prosecution.

Core Legal Question

The central legal question before the High Court was: Who is entitled to a right of hearing when an authority considers the grant of sanction for prosecution under Section 19 (1) of the PC Act, 2018?

The Court’s Reasoning

Justice Badharudeen turned his attention to the specific language of the PC Act, 2018. The ruling hinges on a specific proviso contained within the legislation:

> " Proviso to sub-section (ii) of (1) (c) of the PC Act, 2018 stipulates that in the case of request from the person other than a police officer... the appropriate Government or competent authority shall not accord sanction to prosecute a public servant without providing an opportunity of being heard to the concerned public servant."

The Court clarified that this provision acts as a vital safeguard. While the petitioner sought to fast-track the sanctioning process, the Court held that the constitutional right to be heard cannot be bypassed. The sanctioning authority is now legally obligated to summon both the complainant and the concerned public servant before reaching a determination.

Key Observations

The High Court’s judgment underscores the strict adherence required by public authorities:

• On the duty of the sanctioning authority: "It is specifically made clear that while adverting the question of grant of sanction, the authority shall hear the petitioner as well as the 5th respondent in terms of the proviso to sub-section (ii) of Section 19 (1)(c) of the PC Act, 2018, without fail."
• On the mandate of the PC Act, 2018: " Proviso to sub-section (ii) of (1) (c) of the PC Act, 2018 stipulates that... the appropriate Government or competent authority shall not accord sanction to prosecute a public servant without providing an opportunity of being heard to the concerned public servant."
• On the objective of the hearing: "Thus, at the time of considering sanction, right of hearing is ensured by this provision. Therefore, the sanctioning authority should not grant sanction without providing an opportunity to the aggrieved person."

Final Decision and Implications

The High Court allowed the petition, directing the respondent to forward the enquiry report to the competent authority for the consideration of sanction. However, the order is conditional: the authority must provide a hearing to both the petitioner and the 5th respondent, and a final decision must be reached within three months.

This judgment serves as a vital reminder to investigative agencies and administrative bodies that the power to sanction prosecution—while essential for institutional integrity—must be balanced against the procedural rights of the individual. By mandating a hearing, the Kerala High Court has ensured that anti-corruption efforts within the state remain compliant with the requirements of procedural fairness.