JUDGMENT

SARKARIA, J.:—This is an appeal by special leave against a judgment of the High Court of Andhra Pradesh.

2. The appellants are office bearers of the Civil Employees Unions in the various Centres of the Defence Establishments of Secunderabad and Hyderabad. They filed a writ petition in the High Court to impugn the authority of the Commandants (Respondents 2 and 3 herein) in declaring the Unions, represented by the appellants as unlawful associations.

3. The Registrar of Trade Unions had issued Certificates of Registration to the four Unions represented by the appellants between 1954 and 1970. The General Secretary of Class IV, Civil Employees Union, Belaram, Secunderabad was informed, per letter dated 12-5-1971, by the Under-Secretary of the Government of India. Ministry of Defence that their Unions could not be granted recognition as these employees being in the Training Establishments, were not entitled to form Unions. The Commandant also issued a notice to the appellants to show cause why disciplinary action be not taken against them for forming this unlawful association.

4. The main ground taken in the petition was that the impugned action was violative of their fundamental right to form associations or Unions conferred by Art. 19 (1) (c) of the Constitution.

5. In their reply affidavit, the respondents averred that the Civilian Non Combatants in the Defence Establishments were governed by the Army Act and were duly prohibited by Rules framed thereunder from joining or forming a Trade Union: that the associations in question were formed in breach of that prohibition, and were therefore, validly declared illegal.

6. The learned Judge of the High Court, who tried the petition, held that the right of the appellants to form associations given by Art. 19 (1) (c) of the Constitution had been lawfully taken away. He accordingly dismissed the petition.

7. The appellants carried an appeal to the appellate Bench of the High Court. The Bench dismissed the appeal holding that the impugned action was not without jurisdiction.

8. The main contention of Mr. K. R. Nambiyar, appearing for the appellants is that the members of the Unions represented by the appellants, though attached to the Defence Establishments, are civilians , designated as "Non-Combatants Un-Enrolled". They include cooks, chowkidars, laskars, barbers, carpenters, mechanics, boot-makers, tailors etc. They are governed by the Civil Service Regulations for purposes of discipline, leave, pay etc. and are also eligible to serve upto the age of 60 years unlike that of the members of the Armed Forces. In view of these admitted facts, proceeds the argument, these categories of civilian employees, attached to the Defence Establishments, could not be validly called "members of the Armed Forces" covered by Art. 33 of the Constitution 1181 The points sought to be made out are, that the members of the appellants Unions are not subject to the Army Act as they do not fall under any of the categories enumerated in sub-clauses (a) to (i) of Section 2 of the Army Act, 1950, and that the impugned notifications are ultra vires the Army Act and are struck by Articles 19 (1) (c) and 33 of the Constitution.

9. For reasons that follow, the contentions must be repelled.

10. Article 33 of the Constitution provides an exception to the preceding Articles in Part III including Art. 19 (1) (c). By Article 33, Parliament is empowered to enact law determining to what extent any of the rights conferred by Part III shall, in their application, to the members of the Armed Forces or Forces charged with the maintenance of public order, be restricted or abrogated so as to ensure the proper discharge of their duties and the maintenance of discipline among them.

11. In enacting the Army act, 1950, in so far as it restricts or abrogates any of the fundamental rights of the members of the Armed Forces, Parliament derives its competence from Art. 33 of the Constitution. Section 2 (1) of the Act enumerates the pe