What is the distinction between expert determination and arbitration? Whether Clause 30 of B-1 Agreements is an arbitration clause?

Key Points: - The main question is whether Clause 30 of B-1 Agreements entered into between the Government of Maharashtra and the appellant constitutes an arbitration clause under the Arbitration Act, 1940 [1000533050001] (!) - Clause 30 makes the Superintending Engineer's decision final, conclusive, and binding on matters relating to specifications, designs, quality of workmanship, materials, claims, etc., arising from the contract (!) (!) [1000533050014] - Clauses 29 and 30 confer supervisory control on the Superintending Engineer as a departmental dispute resolution mechanism, not arbitration [1000533050016] - Distinction between expert determination (uses own expertise, makes enquiries) and arbitration (judicial function, evidence, law application) per Russell on Arbitration [1000533050017] (!) - Relied on State of U.P. v. Tipper Chand (1980) 2 SCC 341, holding similar clause not an arbitration agreement as no reference to dispute or arbitrator [1000533050018] (!) (!) - Distinguished Mallikarjun v. Gulbarga University (2004) 1 SCC 372 due to differences: SE not supervisory authority there, explicit dispute reference [1000533050027] (!) (!) [1000533050029] - Superintending Engineer cannot act as arbitrator due to supervisory role, risking bias; cannot judge own decisions [1000533050025] (!) - Trial court wrongly appointed Chief Engineer as arbitrator; High Court correctly held Clause 30 not arbitral [1000533050009][1000533050030] - Government circulars interpreting Clause 30 as arbitration not binding on courts [1000533050015] (!) [1000533050031] - Appeals dismissed, confirming Clause 30 is not an arbitration clause [1000533050032]

What is the distinction between expert determination and arbitration?

Whether Clause 30 of B-1 Agreements is an arbitration clause?