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2025 Supreme(SC) 1561

SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
J.B. Pardiwala and K.V. Viswanathan, JJ.
M/S Sunshine Builders And Developers – Appellant
Versus
HDFC Bank Limited Through The Branch Manager And Others – Respondent
Civil Appeal No.5290 of 2025 (@Special Leave Petition (Civil) No.10875 of 2025) (@Diary No.13444 of 2025)
Decided on : 17-04-2025

Headnote:(A) Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002 - Section 2(1)(f) - Definition of 'borrower' includes mortgagor - High Court affirmed the Debts Recovery Appellate Tribunal's order directing a pre-deposit of Rs.125 Crore - Dismissed the appellant's petition based on the consent to the mortgage. (Paras 4, 10, 16)

(B) Judicial Review - High Court's review does not find the DRAT's decision perverse and emphasizes meaningful interpretation of Section 18 concerning pre-deposits. (Paras 6, 15)

Facts of the case:
Appeal arises from High Court's rejection of the appellant's Writ Petition against the DRAT's order for a pre-deposit linked to a mortgage consent for a secured debt.

Findings of Court:
The petitioner's consent to the mortgage implies a legal obligation to make a pre-deposit before appeal.

Issues: The court considered if a mortgagor, not a principal borrower, is liable for a pre-deposit under Section 18 of the SARFAESI Act.

Ratio Decidendi: The definition of 'borrower' under the SARFAESI Act includes mortgagors, affirming their liability for pre-deposits, and highlights the need for the High Court to review the nature of the pertinent DRAT orders.

Result: Appeal remitted to High Court for reconsideration.

Judgement Key Points

Key Points: - The appeal arises from the High Court's rejection of the appellant's Writ Petition, affirming the DRAT's order for a pre-deposit of Rs.125 Crore (!) (!) . - The High Court found that the appellant's consent to the mortgage was not perverse and that a mortgagor falls within the definition of "borrower" under Section 2(1)(f) of the SARFAESI Act (!) . - Section 2(1)(f) of the SARFAESI Act, 2002, defines "borrower" to include any person who has given a guarantee or created a mortgage as security for financial assistance (!) . - The DRAT arrived at the pre-deposit figure of Rs.125 crores based on the debt due being approximately Rs.259 crores as indicated in the sale notice (!) . - The Supreme Court questioned whether Section 18's pre-deposit requirement applies to orders that are procedural, such as declining to implead auction purchasers in pending proceedings before the DRT (!) (!) . - The Court emphasized the need for a meaningful interpretation of the expression "any order" in Section 18 of the SARFAESI Act (!) . - The Supreme Court set aside the High Court's impugned order and remitted the matter to the High Court for reconsideration (!) . - The High Court is to rehear the Writ Petition and decide it afresh in accordance with the law (!) . - If an adverse order is passed by the High Court, the appellant can approach the Supreme Court again (!) . - The appeal is disposed of, and pending applications are also disposed of (!) (!) .

What is the definition of "borrower" under the SARFAESI Act, 2002, and does it include a mortgagor?

What is the applicability of the pre-deposit requirement under Section 18 of the SARFAESI Act to orders other than those determining liability?

How should the High Court interpret Section 18 of the SARFAESI Act concerning pre-deposits for appeals against interim or procedural orders?


Table of Content
1. condonation of delay and granting leave. (Para 1 , 2)
2. high court's order on pre-deposit. (Para 3 , 4)
3. counsel heard; appeal basis acknowledged. (Para 5 , 6)
4. high court's interpretation of mortgage consent. (Para 7 , 8 , 9)
5. pre-deposit requirement under sarfaesi act. (Para 10 , 11 , 12 , 13)
6. interpretation of appellate provisions. (Para 14 , 15 , 16)
7. remand for reconsideration of the petition. (Para 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21)

ORDER

1. Delay condoned.

2. Leave granted.

3. This appeal arises from the judgment and order passed by the High Court of Judicature at Bombay dated 19-3-2024 in Writ Petition No.3929/2024 by which the High Court rejected the Writ Petition filed by the appellant - herein and thereby affirmed the order passed by the Debts Recovery Appellate Tribunal dated 29-2-2024 in Interim Application No.614/2022 in Appeal (Diary) No.1208/2022.

4. The impugned order passed by the DRAT which was made subject matter of challenge before the High Court was one directing the appellant - herein to deposit a sum of Rs.125 Crore as a pre-deposit under Section 18 (1) of the Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002 (for short, the "SARFAESI" Act).

5. Heard Mr. C.U. Singh, the learned Senior counsel appearing for the appellant.

6. We are inclined to dispose of this appeal by a short order as we have looked into something which goes to the root of the matter.

7. Para 5 of the impugned order reads thus:-

"We have heard the learned Counsel appearing for the parties at quite some length. We have also carefully perused the order passed by the DRAT. We find that the exact same argument canvassed before us by the Petitioner was also canvassed before the DRAT. The DRAT, in paragraph 13 of the impugned order, has prima facie come to the conclusion that the Petitioners had consented to the creation of the mortgage. We, after perusing the record, do not find that the said finding of the DRAT, is in any way, perverse which would require our interference under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. In any case, the said finding is prima facie finding and was given to determine whether any pre-deposit ought to be ordered before the Appeal filed by the Petitioner is entertained. Section 2(1)(f) of the SARFAESI Act, 2002 defines the word "borrower" inter-alia to mean any person who has been granted financial assistance by any Bank or Financial Institution or who has given any guarantee or created any mortgage or pledge as security for the financial assistance granted by the said Bank or Financial Institution. From this definition, it is absolutely clear that a mortgagor, even though not being a guarantor or a principle borrower, would still be included in the definition of the word "borrower" as defined in Section 2(1)(f) of the SARFAESI Act, 2002. It is keeping this definition in mind that the DRAT came to the conclusion that the Petitioner ought to be directed to deposit the sum of Rs. 125 crores as a pre-deposit for the Appeal to be entertained. This figure was arrived at because the sale notice indicates that the debt due is approximately Rs. 259 crores."

8. Prima facie, it appears that the High Court got enamoured by the finding recorded by the DRAT that the appellant - herein had consented to the creation of the mortgage.

9. Having looked into such finding, the High Court thereafter proceeded to consider the definition of the expression "borrower" as defined under Section 2 (1)(f) of the SARFAESI Act.

10. In the last, the High Court took the view that although the mortgager may not be a guarantor or a principal borrower, yet he would fall within the definition of the expression "borrower" as defined under Section 2 (1)(f) of the SARFAESI Act and, therefore, it is not open for him to argue that he is not liable to make a pre-deposit as envisaged under Section 18 of the SARFAESI Act.

11. We take notice of the fact that the Securitisation application filed under S

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