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2025 Supreme(SC) 1687

SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
MANOJ MISRA, UJJAL BHUYAN, JJ.
Kailas S/o Bajirao Pawar – Appellant
Versus
The State of Maharashtra – Respondents
Criminal Appeal No. 4041 of 2025 (Arising out of SLP (Criminal) No. 4646 of 2025)
Decided on : 15-09-2025

Advocates appeared:
For the Petitioner(s): Mr. Anil Mardikar, Sr. Adv. Mr. Sachin Shanmukham Pujari, AOR Mr. Digvijay Singh, Adv.
For the Respondent(s): Mr. Aditya Krishna, Adv. Mr. Siddharth Dharmadhikari, Adv. Mr. Aaditya Aniruddha Pande, AOR Mr. Shrirang B. Varma, Adv.

Headnote:(A) Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985 - Section 8(c) and Section 20(b)(ii)

(C) - Appeal against conviction for possession and sale of contraband - High Court set aside conviction, ordered re-trial due to procedural errors in admitting video evidence and examining the Chemical Analyst - Need for evidentiary procedures in electronic records emphasized - Procedures for securing and producing evidence must comply with statutory requirements for validity. (Paras 4, 8, 16 and 32)

(B) Re-trial - Exceptional circumstances - Directed to rectify procedural failures is not to enable prosecution to lead previously unconsidered evidence - Proper jury of evidence failed in the lower court - Re-trial not warranted solely for video examination; High Court's orders found misconceived. (Paras 10, 16, 20, 34 and 36)

Facts of the case:
The appellant and three others were convicted for offences under the NDPS Act involving possession of narcotic drugs. The Trial Court relied on video evidence of a raid, while the High Court found deficiencies in evidence admission procedures and ordered a re-trial, prompting the appeal.

Findings of Court:
The re-trial was deemed inappropriate due to existing evidence which could have been further scrutinized instead - The original conviction was set aside, emphasizing the errors made in admitting technological evidence.

Issues: The main issues addressed were the proper procedures for admitting video evidence and the necessity of examining the Chemical Analyst's report, which led to the High Court's procedural errors.

Ratio Decidendi: The court articulated that video evidence, once authenticated, should be admissible, and procedural lapses in evidence admission do not warrant a re-trial unless critical evidence is lacking.

Result: Appeal allowed; High Court’s order of re-trial set aside and restored for a fresh decision.

Judgement Key Points

Certainly. Based on the provided legal document, the key points are as follows:

  1. The appellate court emphasized that re-trial is an exceptional remedy, to be ordered only under specific circumstances where there has been a serious illegality, irregularity, or miscarriage of justice in the original trial. It is not to be used merely to enable the prosecution to lead additional evidence that could have been presented earlier (!) (!) .

  2. The court clarified that procedural lapses in investigation or evidence collection, such as deficiencies in handling electronic evidence like video recordings, do not automatically warrant a re-trial unless they have caused prejudice to the accused or compromised the integrity of the trial (!) (!) .

  3. Proper procedures for admitting electronic evidence, such as video recordings, are crucial. The evidence must be converted into a legally admissible form, which includes playing the recording in court during witness examination and recording the witness's description of its contents on oath. Failure to follow these procedures results in procedural errors that can prejudice the trial but do not necessarily justify a re-trial (!) (!) .

  4. The admissibility of electronic evidence, such as video recordings, is established when a certificate under the relevant statutory section is produced, confirming the authenticity of the record (!) (!) .

  5. The non-examination of a scientific expert, such as a Chemical Examiner, does not automatically render the evidence inadmissible, as reports from such experts are admissible under statutory provisions. The absence of such examination alone is insufficient to justify a re-trial (!) (!) .

  6. The production and proper handling of seized contraband are vital. The failure to produce the seized material in court, without proper explanation or legal authority for its destruction, can cast doubt on the integrity of the evidence. However, such procedural lapses alone do not always mandate a re-trial if other reliable evidence supports the case (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) .

  7. The court highlighted that procedural errors, such as not playing the video evidence during witness testimony or not preparing transcripts, are significant but do not automatically necessitate a re-trial. Instead, the appellate court has the authority to take additional evidence or remand for a fresh decision (!) (!) .

  8. The ultimate goal is to ensure justice, and if the record contains sufficient evidence to establish the case against the accused, a re-trial should be ordered only if the procedural errors have caused substantial prejudice. Otherwise, the appellate court may restore the appeal for a fresh but limited consideration, preserving the parties' rights to a fair hearing (!) (!) .

  9. The court reaffirmed that the primary concern is the integrity and reliability of the evidence, and procedural lapses must be weighed against the overall strength of the case. Re-trials are to be ordered only in exceptional cases where the miscarriage of justice is evident and cannot be rectified through other means (!) (!) .

  10. During the appellate review, the court clarified that it had not expressed any opinion on the merits of the case but focused solely on whether procedural deficiencies necessitated a re-trial. The appeals were therefore restored for reconsideration by the High Court (!) (!) .

  11. The decision underscores the importance of following statutory procedures for electronic evidence, proper handling of seized contraband, and the role of the appellate court in safeguarding the rights of the accused while ensuring that evidence is reliable and admissible (!) (!) (!) (!) (!) .

  12. The court also directed that the appellant, who was on bail, should continue to remain on bail during the pendency of the re-trial, with the condition of cooperation, and noted that other accused persons could seek bail or suspension of sentence based on their applications (!) .

These points collectively highlight the principles governing re-trials, the importance of procedural compliance in electronic evidence handling, and the balanced approach courts must take to ensure justice is served without unnecessary delays or procedural errors.


Table of Content
1. summary of the prosecution's case and trial court findings. (Para 3 , 4 , 5 , 6)
2. need for proper procedures in handling video evidence. (Para 10 , 12 , 13 , 14)
3. conditions under which retrial is necessary. (Para 15 , 18 , 37)
4. legal standards concerning admissibility of evidence. (Para 20 , 21 , 22 , 27)
5. final decision to restore appeals for a fresh hearing. (Para 36 , 38)

JUDGMENT :

MANOJ MISRA, J.

1. Leave granted.

2. This appeal arises from a judgment and order of the High Court1[The High Court of Judicature at Bombay, Nagpur Bench, Nagpur], dated 25.10.2024, in Criminal Appeal Nos. 449 of 2023 and 457 of 2024, whereby the appeals filed by the appellant and another, against the order of conviction and sentence dated 29.04.2023 of the Trial Court2[Additional Sessions Judge Akot, District Akola] in Special Sessions Trial No. 34 of 2020, were partly allowed, the order of conviction was set aside and the case was remanded to the Trial Court for a re-trial coupled with a direction that the accused shall stand remanded to judicial custody.

Facts

3. Appellant and three others were tried for offences punishable under Section 8 (c) read with Section 20 (b)(ii)(C) of Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 19853[NDPS Act]. Prosecution case is based on a search and seizure operation leading to recovery of contraband (i.e., Ganja). It is alleged that on receipt of information that accused No. 1 - Kailas (the appellant) and accused No. 2 – Raju Motiram Solanke have stocked Ganja for sale in a hut, after entering the information in the Diary, sending information to senior officer vide written letter (Exh. No.69) and seeking permission (Exh. No.70), a raid was organized after arranging two panch witnesses, a photographer, a gazetted officer and a weighing scale. The hut was located. Two persons, namely, accused nos.1 and 2, were found sitting there. After necessary formalities, the hut was searched. Upon search, in the presence of panchas, 18 plastic packets, kept in a sack, containing Ganja, weighing 39 kilograms, were recovered; from which samples were drawn and sealed. On disclosure by the aforesaid two accused, complicity of accused No.3 came to light. Thereafter, raid was conducted at the residence of accused No. 3, who was not found present. However, during house search, five sacks with packets containing Ganja, weighing 107.90 kilogram, were recovered. When accused No. 3 was arrested, complicity of accused No. 4 came to light as the person who transported the contraband.

4. After investigation all four were charge-sheeted and tried. During trial, prosecution examined seven witnesses, namely, S.W. No. 1 – Vinayak Rajabhau Shinde i.e., witness of spot and seizure panchnama; S.W. No. 2 – Santosh Ashok Solanke i.e., photographer who took video as well as photographs of the raid proceedings; S.W. No. 3 – Sajid Khan Rajulla Khan i.e., person who weighed the contraband; S.W. No. 4 – Gopal Ukhardu Patil i.e., one of the members of the raiding party; S.W. No. 5 – Mohammed Umar Anisoddin i.e., panch witness of seizure panchnama of accused no.4’s vehicle, who was declared hostile; S.W. No. 6 – Gopalsingh Narsingh Daberao i.e., driver-cum- Police Constable, who took Ganja samples to forensic laboratory, Amravati for chemical analysis; and S.W. No. 7 – Sagar Ashokrao Hatwar i.e., Chief of the raiding party.

5. Trial Court convicted accused Nos.1 and 2 and acquitted the other two accused.

6. In its judgment, the Trial Court, inter alia, relied on the video recording of the raid to corroborate the substantive evidence led during trial. Relevant observations qua appreciation of evidence including the video recording are found in paragraphs 40 to 48 of the judgment, which are reproduced below:

    “40. Santosh (SW No.2) has stated in his examination in chief that, he himself videographed the entire procedure and he himself made the compact disc of the said video film. He also personally gave the necessary certificate to the pol

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