( 1 ) POLITICAL Justice is a preambular promise of the Constitution of India. "we, the people of India" shall redeem the promise of political justice is the underlying theme of the Constitution (Seventy-Fourth amendment) Act, 1992. The apprehension of the petitioners in this batch of cases is that while attempting to achieve political justice, guaranteed right to "equal protection of laws" another preambular promise is ignored. A deeper curial look is called for. On the eve of elections to a century and odd urban local bodies-Nagar panchayats, Municipalities and Municipal corporations in the State of Andhra pradesh, all questions raised and all issues involved in these cases are the same and hence are being disposed of by this common Judgment, at the stage of admission with the consent of the learned counsel for the petitioners and the respondents.

( 2 ) RESERVATION of seats in Educational institutions, reservation of civil posts and quasi-government posts and reservation of seats in legislative bodies, local bodies are matters of political expediency and executive policy mainly due to Directive principles of State Policy and other mandatory provisions of the Cons