A dispute regarding the dismissal of a teacher who is not a workman is not an industrial dispute within the meaning of Section 2(k) of the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947.

1. By notification No. III/DI-8o23/62L and E-5061 dated the 20th July, 1962, the State of Bihar referred the following dispute for adjudication to the Labour Court, Muzaffarpur, under Sec.10 of the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 (Act XIV of 1947):

"Whether the termination of services/dismissal of Shri Bhagawati Saran Tiwari is proper? If not, whether he should be reinstated on his previous post in the factory and/or compensated?"

It was argued on behalf of the management before the Labour Court that the dispute in question was not an industrial dispute and the Labour Court had no jurisdiction to proceed with the hearing of the reference. This argument was overruled by the Labour Court by its order dated the 7th February, 1963 and it was held that the Labour Court had jurisdiction to proceed with the hearing of the reference.

2. The petitioner has now obtained a rule from the High Court calling upon the respondents to show cause why a writ in the nature of prohibition should not be granted under Article 226 of the Constitution restraining the Labour Court from proceeding with the hearing of the reference.

3. On behalf of the petitioner, learned counsel put forward the argument that Sri Bhagwati Saran Tiwari was not a workman within the meaning of Sec.2(s) of the Industrial Disputes Act which is to the following effect:

"workman means any person (including an apprentice) employed in any industry to- do any skilled or unskilled manual, supervisory, technical or clerical work for hire or reward, whether the terms of employment be expressed or implied, and for the purposes of any proceeding under this Act in relation to an industrial dispute, includes any such person who has been dismissed, discharged or retrenched in connection with, or as a consequence of, that dispute, or whose dismissal, discharge or retrenchment has led to that dispute....."

4. On behalf of the respondents it was contended before the Labour Court that Sri Bhagwati Saran Tiwari was a clerk in the Cane Department of the factory, but the contention was rejected by the Labour Court and it has been found on the evidence produced in the case that Sri Bhagwati Saran Tiwari was employed as a teacher in the Upper Primary School run by the factory. In view of this finding of the Labour Court, we are of opinion that Sri Bhagwati Saran Tiwari is not a workman within the- meaning of Sec.2(s) of the Industrial Disputes Act. The view that we express is supported by a decision of the Supreme Court in University of Delhi V/s. Ram Nath, (1963-64) 24 FJR 509 : (AIR 1963 SC 1873). It was pointed out by the Supreme Court in that case that teachers employed by educational institutions,, whether the said institutions are imparting primary, secondary, collegiate or post-graduate education, are not workmen under Section 2(s) of the Industrial Disputes Act. Reading the provisions of the Act and in view of the fact that education is more a mission and a vocation than a profession or trade or business, institutions like the University of Delhi and colleges run by them cannot be regarded as carrying on an industry for the purposes of the Act.

5. It was argued on behalf of the respondents that even if Sri Bhagwati Saran Tiwari was not a workman within the meaning of Sec.2(S) of the Industrial Disputes Act, still the dispute in question will be an industrial dispute within the meaning of Sec.2(k) of the Statute which reads as follows :

" industrial dispute means any dispute or difference between employers and employers, or between employers and workmen, or between workmen and workmen, which is connected with the employment or non-employment or the terms of employment or with the conditions of labour, of any person."

It was submitted that the dispute concerning a person who is not a workman may be an industrial dispute within the meaning of Sec.2(k) of the Statute, and the question relating to the dismissal of the teacher, Sri Bhagwati Saran Tiwari would be a dispute falling within th