Arrears of maintenance allowed by a Criminal Court under Section 488, Criminal P.C., do not constitute saleable property and are not liable to be attached and sold in execution of a decree for costs under Section 60, Civil P.C.

JUDGMENT

1. The question arising for decision in this appeal relates to the legality or otherwise of the orders passed by the Courts below holding that arrears of maintenance allowed by a Criminal Court u/s 488, Criminal P.C., were not liable to be attached and sold in execution of a decree for costs passed by a civil Court. The orders were passed on an application made by the decree-holder u/s 60, Civil P.C. on the footing that the arrears of maintenance were debts within the meaning of the aforesaid provision of the law, and were attachable as such. The application for attachment was resisted by the judgment-debtor. The Subordinate Judge, by whom the question was dealt with in the first instance, came to the conclusion that maintenance allowance allowed by a Court was not assignable and was not liable to be attached in execution of a decree for money. The Additional District Judge, in the Court of appeal below, was of opinion that the case before the Court must be governed by the special provisions of the Criminal law, in which arrears of maintenance do not amount to debts or saleable property at all; and in that view of the case agreed with the primary Court in holding that the objection raised by the judgment-debtor was valid under the law.

2. The facts of the case giving rise to this appeal were not in dispute. The maintenance allowances payable to the judgment-debtor, and which were sought to be attached were in arrears; and there was no question that the arrears were legally due from the person held liable to pay the same by the order of the criminal Court u/s 488, Criminal P.C. The question that falls to be decided in the case before us is a question of first impression: whether arrears of maintenance payable under the order of a criminal Court does or does not constitute either debt or saleable property within the meaning of Section 60, Civil P.C.

3. It may be stated at the outset that the view presented by the Court of appeal below, that arrears of maintenance in the case before us were not attachable, for the reason that the order for payment of maintenance was passed by a criminal Court, does not commend itself to us. There appears to be no principle or authority in support of the position thus indicated by the Judge below, regard being had to the fact that there was no question that the arrears of maintenance were due, and were payable by the person against whom the order for maintenance was made by the criminal Court; there being no question whatsoever of enforcement of an order for maintenance as contemplated by Sub-section (3) of Section 488, Criminal P.C. The only matter for consideration then is whether, in view of the nature of the order for maintenance allowed in the case before us, could it be said that the arrears of maintenance were attachable property within the meaning of Section 60, Civil P.C., and closely connected with that question is the other question whether the order for maintenance in the case before us was a purely personal right to recover a sum of money. The right to receive maintenance was a purely personal right created by an order of a competent Court, it was inalienable. There was no charge created in property, by the order for maintenance in the ease before us, and the maintenance could not therefore be held to be alienable property. In our judgment, the right created by the order of the criminal Court was a personal one, a right which was not assignable and consequently not liable to be sold in execution of a decree for money, in view of the provision of Section 60, Civil P.C. In the case before us, the monthly allowance directed to be paid by the criminal Court was to be paid by the husband for maintenance of his wife; it was not in the nature of property, but only money to be paid by the order of the Court personally to the wife for her maintenance; it was not therefore assignable by the wife.

4. It may be mentioned that a number of decisions by this Court were placed before us for cons