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2023 Supreme(Del) 3373

IN THE HIGH COURT OF DELHI AT NEW DELHI
C. Hari Shankar, J.
Krishna Kishore Singh – Appellant
Versus
Sarla A Saraogi & Ors. – Respondents
CS(COMM) 187 of 2021, I.A. 10551 of 2021 & I.A. 14436 of 2021
Decided On : 11-07-2023

Advocates appeared:
Mr.Varun Singh, Mr.Akshay Dev, Mr.Ytharth Kumar, Ms. Alankriti Diwedi, Ms. Parul Sharma, Mr. Atif, Mr. Himanshu Yadav, Ms.Kajal Gupta and Ms.Smriti Wadhwa, Advs., for the Plaintiff.
Mr. Chander M. Lall, Sr. Adv. with Mr. Bhushan M. Oza and Mr. Anand Mishra, Advs. for D-1 & 2.
Mr. C.M. Lall, Sr. Adv. with Mr. Vedanta Vurma, Mr. Akhil Kumar and Ms. Ananya, Advs. for D-3.
Mr. Vibhor Kush, Adv. for D-4.

Headnote:(A) Rights of Privacy, Publicity, and Personality - Article 21 of the Constitution of India - The plaintiff, as legal heir, sought permanent injunction against the production of a film depicting his late son’s life without consent, and claimed damages for infringement of personality rights. The court analyzed whether the rights of publicity survive posthumously and concluded they do not. The impugned film, based on publicly available material, does not infringe such rights, and no injunction could be granted. The sole remedy for the plaintiff lies in damages, preserving the right to sue. (Paras 19.1 - 21.5)

(B) Public Figures - The court emphasized that the rights to privacy and publicity do not continue posthumously and are not heritable, aligning with precedent set by R. Rajagopal and other judgments. Public figures must tolerate scrutiny regarding their public life, and an injunction cannot be issued based on mere apprehension of harm. (Paras 19.1 - 19.5)

Table of Content
1. establishment of plaintiff's rights and claims. (Para 1 , 2 , 3 , 4)
2. invocation and interpretation of previous orders. (Para 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9)
3. arguments regarding rights of privacy and publicity. (Para 15 , 16)
4. court's observations on nature of the film. (Para 17 , 18)
5. legal principles regarding privacy rights and free speech. (Para 20 , 21 , 22)
6. conclusion and dismissal of the injunction application. (Para 23 , 24 , 25)

JUDGMENT

C. Hari Shankar, J.

I.A. 10551/2021 (under Order XXXIX Rules 1 and 2 of the CPC)

FACILITATIVE INDEX

S.No.ContentPara Nos.
1Facts1 - 13
2Extent to which judgement dt 10 June 2021 of learned Single Judge in IA 5697/2021 is required to be taken into account14 - 14.10
3Rival Contentions,
4Opening submissions of Mr Varun Singh15 - 15.9
5Submissions by Mr Lall in reply 16 - 16.10
6Submissions of Mr Varun Singh in rejoinder17 - 17.1
7Analysis,
8Is the movie actually a re-enactient of SSR`s life and history - Value of disclaimer18 - 18.11
9Rights of privacy, publicity and personality19
10R. Rajagopal19.4 - 19.4.9
11Khushwant Singh19.5 - 19.5.4
12Titan Industries19.6 - 19.6.4
13I.C.C. Development19.7
14Deepa Jayakumar19.8 - 19.8.7
15The Takeaway20
16Applying the law to the facts21.1 - 21.5
17A few remaining points22
18Celebrity rights22.1 - 22.1.4
19Right to free trial22.2
20Passing off22.3
21Conclusion23 - 25

Facts

1. The plaintiff is the father of Sushant Singh Rajput ('SSR', hereinafter), an actor who debuted in Bollywood in 2009 and met an untimely end on 14 June 2020. The circumstances in which SSR breathed his last remain murky, and the dust is still to settle.

2. In or around 19 March 2021, the plaintiff instituted the present suit by way of a quia timet action. The suit was predicated on information stated to have been received by the plaintiff to the effect that Defendants 1 and 2 were in the process of producing, and Defendant 3 in the process of directing, a movie based on the life of SSR, without taking the permission of any of his legal representatives, including the plaintiff. The plaintiff contended that SSR did not leave, behind him, any Class I heir and that the plaintiff was the sole surviving legal heir in Category I of the Class 2 legal heirs of SSR. The suit sought a decree of permanent injunction, restraining the defendants and all others from using SSR`s name, caricature or lifestyle in any projects or films without the prior permission of the plaintiff, alleging that any such effort would infringe the personality rights of SSR and also cause deception in the minds of the public, which would amount to passing off. Additionally, costs and damages were also sought.

3. Along with the suit, the plaintiff filed IA 5697/2021, seeking an interlocutory injunction against the defendants using SSR`s name, caricature, lifestyle or likeness in any films or other ventures, pending disposal of the suit.

4. IA 5697/2021 was dismissed by a coordinate bench of Sanjeev Narula, J., vide judgment dated 10 June 2021. Para 43 of the said judgment, which is of relevance, reads thus:

    "43. On the aspect of irreparable loss, we may note that the suit is not premised as a tortious action for defamation. It is founded on the basis of breach of celebrity/publicity rights inhering to the Plaintiff. It is thus opined that if an interim order is granted, it would be difficult to compensate the Defendants in the event Plaintiff ultimately does not succeed in the suit. Whereas, the Plaintiff can always re-apply at a later juncture for injunction, if there is a change in circumstances after the release of the said film, and has an adequate remedy of being compensated by award of damages, if the Plaintiff proves in trial that the celebrity/publicity rights were inheritable and inured to him exclusively. To ensure that, the Defendants are directed to render complete and true accounts of the revenue earned from the films by way of sale/licensing of all rights relating to the films."

5. Aggrieved by the aforesaid judg

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