K.G.BALAKRISHNAN, R.V.RAVEENDRAN, J.M.PANCHAL
Selvi – Appellant
Versus
State of Karnataka – Respondent
Certainly. Based on the provided legal document, the key points are as follows:
The use of scientific techniques such as narcoanalysis, polygraph examination, and Brain Electrical Activation Profile (BEAP) tests in criminal investigations raises significant concerns regarding individual rights and liberties. These techniques involve involuntary administration without consent, which raises questions about their legality and constitutionality (!) .
The primary constitutional protections under Article 20(3) of the Indian Constitution prohibit self-incrimination and extend to the investigative stage, not just during trial. Any evidence or information obtained through involuntary means that amount to testimonial acts violates this right (!) (!) .
The scientific validity and reliability of these techniques are questionable, with empirical studies indicating their results are often inconclusive or prone to errors such as false positives and negatives. This unreliability undermines their admissibility and the fairness of the judicial process (!) (!) .
The administration of these techniques involves testimonial responses that convey personal knowledge about relevant facts, which are protected from compelled disclosure by Article 20(3). Techniques like polygraph and BEAP do not merely gather physical evidence but seek to infer mental states, thus amounting to testimonial acts (!) (!) .
The involuntary use of these techniques violates the right to privacy and the right against cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment under Article 21. Forcible intrusion into mental processes and the administration of drugs or other methods without consent are considered violations of human dignity and bodily integrity (!) (!) .
Such involuntary procedures can cause mental pain, suffering, and trauma, and their administration can be deemed as cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment, especially when conducted without proper safeguards or consent (!) (!) .
The use of these techniques also impairs the right to a fair trial by affecting the integrity of evidence and the fact-finding process. Reliance on test results obtained involuntarily can prejudice judicial proceedings and undermine the principle of impartiality (!) .
The legislative framework does not explicitly authorize the involuntary administration of these techniques, and their use cannot be read into existing statutes based on legislative intent or broad interpretation of the law. Such practices are therefore unconstitutional unless conducted with voluntary consent and proper safeguards (!) (!) .
Even when consent is given voluntarily, the results of these techniques should not be admissible as evidence, as they are testimonial in nature and their reliability is highly questionable. However, evidence or information derived from voluntary use, following the principles of the Evidence Act, can be considered (!) .
Safeguards and guidelines should be strictly followed when these techniques are used voluntarily, including informed consent, legal representation, proper recording, and adherence to human rights principles to prevent abuse and protect individual dignity (!) (!) .
Overall, involuntary administration of these scientific techniques contravenes constitutional protections and human rights standards, and their use in criminal investigations should be prohibited unless conducted with explicit, informed, and voluntary consent, along with strict adherence to procedural safeguards.
Leave granted in SLP (Crl.) Nos. 10 of 2006 and 6711 of 2007.
1. The legal questions in this batch of criminal appeals relate to the involuntary administration of certain scientific techniques, namely narcoanalysis, polygraph examination and the Brain Electrical Activation Profile (BEAP) test for the purpose of improving investigation efforts in criminal cases. This issue has received considerable attention since it involves tensions between the desirability of efficient investigation and the preser-vation of individual liberties. Ordinarily the judicial task is that of evaluating the rival contentions in order to arrive at a sound conclusion. However, the present case is not an ordinary dispute between private parties. It raises pertinent questions about the meaning and scope of fundamental rights which are available to all citizens. Therefore, we must examine the implications of permitting the use of the impugned techniques in a variety of settings.
2. Objections have been raised in respect of instances where individuals who are the accused, suspects or witnesses in an investigation have been subjected to these tests without their consent. Such measures h
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Deomam Shamji Patel vs. State of Maharashtra (AIR 1959 Bom 284)141
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Senior Electric Inspector vs. Laxminarayan Chopra (AIR 1962 SC 159)151
State of Mah. vs. Sheshappa Dudhappa Tambade (AIR 1964 Bom 253)174
Kharak Singh vs. State of Uttar Pradesh (AIR 1963 SC 1295)178
Maneka Gandhi vs. Union of India (AIR 1978 SC 597)179
Gobind vs. State of Madhya Pradesh ((1975) 2 SCC 148)180
R. Raj Gopal vs. State of Tamil Nadu ((1994) 6 SCC 632)181
People’s Union for Civil Liberties vs. Union of India (AIR 1997 SC 568 = RLW 1996(3) SC 126)182
X vs. Hospital Z ((1998) 8 SCC 296)183
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D.K. Basu vs. State of W.B. (AIR 1997 SC 610 = RLW 1997(1) SC 94)195
State of Bombay vs. Kathi Kalu Oghad ((1962) 3 SCR 10)93
M.P. Sharma vs. Satish Chandra ((1954) SCR 1077)100
Raja Narayanlal Bansilal vs. Maneck Phiroz Mistry ((1961) 1 SCR 417)111
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Balkishan A. Devidayal vs. State of Maharashtra ((1980) 4 SCC 600)113
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