YATINDRA SINGH, J.

( 1 ) THESE writ petitions challenge the validity of the Government orders (G. Os.) dated 6. 6. 2001, 21. 9. 2001 and 19. 11. 2001 so far as they, * repatriate the employees of three departments (who were earlier transferred to Gram panchayats) to their parent departments ; * re-designate and confine the duties of employees of two departments (still under control and supervision of Gram Panchayats) according to their educational qualifications. The consequential orders in pursuance of these G. Os. are also challenged. They are of different dates but their validity depends upon the validity of the aforesaid G. Os. ; they float or sink with the G. Os. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE G. Os.

( 2 ) INDIA, that is, Bharat is Union of States. Its territories consist of territories of the States and the union Territories. Geographically, they are divided into districts. A district consists of urban and rural areas. Urban areas are governed by Municipalities and rural areas by panchayats. Our majority lives in rural areas, yet there was no reference to panchayats in the Draft Constitution prepared (October, 1947) by Sri B. N. Rao, the constitutional adviser. This led Mahatam

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