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2026 Supreme(All) 18

HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE AT ALLAHABAD LUCKNOW
RAJESH SINGH CHAUHAN, ABDHESH KUMAR CHAUDHARY, JJ.
Ajay Kumar – Appellant
Versus
State of U.P. – Respondent 
Criminal Appeal No. 9 of 2016
Decided On : 20-02-2026

Advocates Appeared:
For the Appellant : Neeta Singh Chandel, Arshad Hafeez Khan, Dinesh Kr. Sharma, Furkan Pathan, Piyush Kumar Singh, Prabha Shankar Pandey
For the Respondent:Govt. Advocate

Conviction on circumstantial evidence requires such evidence to establish a complete chain pointing exclusively to guilt, without leaving doubt about the accused's innocence.

Headnote:(A) Criminal Procedure Code, 1973 - Section 374(2) - Indian Penal Code, 1860 - Section 302 - Appeal against conviction for murder - Accused convicted and sentenced for life imprisonment; appeal allowed on grounds of insufficient evidence and failure to establish a complete chain of circumstances. (Paras 1, 54)

(B) Circumstantial Evidence - Conviction based on circumstantial evidence must adhere to strict standards; all circumstances must lead exclusively to the guilt of the accused without leaving room for reasonable doubt. (Paras 27, 52)

(C) Evidence of Last Seen - Testimony regarding 'last seen' must be proximate to the time of death; gaps in time or credibility affect the evidentiary weight of this circumstance. (Paras 42, 45)

(D) Burden of Proof - The prosecution retains the ultimate burden of proof, which cannot be shifted to the accused unless foundational facts are established. (Paras 37, 40)

Facts of the case:
The appellant was convicted based on circumstantial evidence relating to the alleged murder of a woman and her minor daughter, with bodies discovered in a forest. (Paras 1-2)

Findings of Court:
Exploration of circumstantial evidence was deemed insufficient; prosecution failed to demonstrate a convincing link between the accused and the crime. (Paras 51-53)

Issues: Whether the prosecution proved the existence of a motive and established a chain of circumstances linking the accused to the murder. (Paras 36, 52)

Ratio Decidendi: The appellate court found that the prosecution's circumstantial evidence was insufficient as it did not exclude all reasonable hypotheses of innocence. (Paras 52-53)

Result: Conviction reversed; accused acquitted and ordered to be released. (Paras 54-56)

Table of Content
1. factual background of the case against ajay kumar. (Para 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 8)
2. court's analysis of the prosecution's evidence and testimonies. (Para 9 , 10 , 11 , 12)
3. arguments by the appellant's counsel focusing on lack of evidence. (Para 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21)
4. clarification on circumstantial evidence and what constitutes sufficient proof. (Para 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28)
5. discussion on the unreliability of evidentiary support relating to marriage. (Para 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34)
6. analysis of the motive behind the alleged crime and its significance. (Para 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39)
7. evaluation of last seen evidence and its legal implications. (Para 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45)
8. consideration of the missing notary affidavit's impact on the case. (Para 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51)
9. court’s conclusion about insufficient evidence leading to acquittal. (Para 52 , 53)
10. final order and directions regarding the acquittal of ajay kumar. (Para 54 , 55 , 56)

JUDGMENT :

Abdhesh Kumar Chaudhary, J.

1. The present Criminal Appeal under Section 374 (2) of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (in short Cr.P.C.) has been filed by the accused/appellant - Ajay Kumar, against the judgment and order dated 05.10.2015 passed by the Additional Sessions Judge, Court No. 9, Barabanki, in Sessions Trial No. 992 of 2011 (State Vs. Ajay Kumar) arising out of Case Crime No. 133 of 2011 wherein he has been convicted and sentenced for punishment under Section 302 of the Indian Penal Code for life imprisonment, along with fine of Rs. 20,000/- with default stipulation.

CASE OF THE PROSECUTION

2. The prosecution case can be succinctly narrated as that on 22.04.2011, the informant Omchand Yadav (P.W.-1) who was working as a watchman in village Chiloki, submitted a written complaint/Tehrir (Exhibit-Ka-1) at Police Station Safdarganj, District Barabanki, stating inter-alia that on the said date at about 11:00 PM, while he was on routine night patrol of the said village, certain villagers informed him that two dead bodies were lying in the Rakhuna Chiloki forest. The said informant on receipt of such information proceeded to the said place of incident along-with some villagers and on reaching the spot noticed that dead body of one woman was lying in a pit about 5 feet deep located at a field situated approximate 100 meters behind the Government Girls Inter College and a gamcha was also found wrapped around her neck and blood was oozing from her mouth. Further, at a distance of about 50 meters another dead body of a girl aged about 8–9 years was found lying in a drain, with a tukda of cloth tied around her neck. Various articles, including sarees, blouses, underwear, shirt and a bag, were found lying scattered at the place of incident. According to the informant, the condition of the bodies and the surrounding circumstances indicated that the victims had been murdered at the same very spot.

3. On the basis of the aforesaid written complaint/Tehrir (Exhibit-Ka-1), Case Crime No. 133 of 2011 under Section 302 of the Indian Penal Code was registered at Police Station Safdarganj, District Barabanki, against unknown persons and subsequently, the investigation of the case was started. The Investigating Officer after recording of the statement under Section 161 Cr.P.C. and on completion of the investigation, found material indicating the involvement of the accused/appellant Ajay Kumar. Thus, a charge-sheet (Exhibit-Ka-8) came to be filed against the said accused/appellant-Ajay Kumar, under Section 302 of the Indian Penal Code before the competent Court and after following the due process of law, the case came to be committed to the Court of Session for Trial vide order dated 18.07.2011.

4. The learned Trial Court, after being satisfied that a prima facie case was made out against the accused/appellant Ajay Kumar, framed the charge against him under Section 302 of the Indian Penal Code vide order dated 12.08.2011. The charge was r

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