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2026 Supreme(All) 702

HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE AT ALLAHABAD, LUCKNOW
RAJNISH KUMAR, ZAFEER AHMAD, JJ.
Jagdish – Appellant
Versus 
State of U.P. – Respondent
Criminal Appeal No. 1533 of 2017
Decided On : 27-05-2026

Advocates Appeared:
For the Petitioner: Rakesh Pratap Singh, Rajesh Kumar Dwivedi
For the Respondent:Govt. Advocate.

In cases based on circumstantial evidence, a conviction is sustainable if the prosecution establishes a complete, unbroken chain of events that leads only to the hypothesis of the accused's guilt, and the plea of alibi, if raised, must be supported by positive, consistent, and irrefutable evidence.

Headnote:(A) Indian Penal Code, 1860 - Section 302 - Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 - Section 313, 374 - Indian Evidence Act, 1872 - Section 106 - Murder - Circumstantial evidence - Conviction upheld.

(B) Circumstantial Evidence - To secure a conviction on circumstantial evidence, the prosecution must establish a complete chain of circumstances consistent only with the hypothesis of the accused's guilt, while excluding every other reasonable hypothesis. (Paras 31, 33)

(C) Last Seen Together Theory - The principle applies where the time interval between the deceased being seen alive with the accused and the discovery of the body is so small that no person other than the accused could have committed the crime. While a long gap can be considered, circumstantial evidence remains relevant when the chain of events proves no third-party intervention. (Para 30)

(D) Motive - The absence of proof of motive is not fatal to a case based on circumstantial evidence if the cumulative weight of other established facts provides an unbroken chain leading exclusively to the guilt of the accused. (Paras 37, 38) (E) Plea of Alibi - The burden of proving an alibi rests entirely upon the accused; where the evidence for the alibi is inconsistent and the geographic proximity between the alternative location and the crime scene allows for travel, such a plea is untenable. (Para 49)

Facts of the case:
The deceased was found dead in a field following a night away from her home. The prosecution alleged that the appellant, who was previously seen with the deceased, murdered her by throttling. The appellant raised a plea of alibi, claiming to have been engaged in agricultural processing at a different location during the time of the incident.

Findings of Court:
Medical examination confirmed death by asphyxia due to ante-mortem throttling. The court observed that the 'last seen' evidence was credible, and the plea of alibi was rejected due to inconsistencies in the testimony of defence witnesses and the proximity of the sites. The delay in reporting the crime was sufficiently explained by the circumstances of the finding of the body.

Issues: Whether the prosecution established a complete chain of circumstantial evidence to support the conviction, and whether the appellant successfully discharged the burden of proof regarding his alibi.

Ratio Decidendi: The cumulative effect of proved circumstances, including the consistent testimony of the deceased's presence with the appellant and the failure of the alibi evidence, formed an unbroken chain that pointed solely to the appellant's guilt, thus justifying the conviction.

Result: Appeal dismissed.

Table of Content
1. overview of prosecution case, procedural history, and evidence presented at trial. (Para 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13)
2. summary of rival contentions regarding evidence, last-seen theory, and plea of alibi. (Para 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20)
3. judicial assessment of last-seen evidence and evaluation of credibility of alibi claims. (Para 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28)
4. legal requirements and standards for conviction based on 'last-seen together' and circumstantial evidence. (Para 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33)
5. adjudication on motive, fir delay, medical corroboration, and burden of proof regarding alibi. (Para 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51)
6. final synthesis of evidence leading to conviction and sentencing orders. (Para 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58)

JUDGMENT :

Rajnish Kumar, J.

(1) The instant criminal appeal under Section 374 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (here-in-after referred to as “Cr.P.C.”) has been filed by the accused/convict/appellant, Jagdish, assailing the judgment and order dated 29.10.2014 passed by Special/Additional Sessions Judge, Court No.4, Raibareli, in Sessions Trial No. 536 of 2008; State Versus Jagdish, emanating from Case Crime No. 145 of 2008, under Sections 302 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 (here-in-after referred to as “I.P.C.”), Police Station Fursatganj, district Raebareli, whereby learned trial Court convicted and sentenced the accused/appellant to undergo under Section 302 I.P.C. to life imprisonment and a fine of Rs.10,000/-. In default of payment of fine to undergo additional one year’s simple imprisonment. It has also been provided that on payment of fine, the same would be disbursed to the children of the deceased.

(2) The prosecution case, in brief, is that complainant, Ramdeen, had submitted written report (Ext. Ka.1) at police station Fursatganj, district Raebareli, on 30.04.2008, alleging therein that he is resident of village Khairhana, police station Fursatganj. His in-laws’ house is in village Tinera, hamlet of Tendua. He along with his children is living in village Tinera. His daughter Anita Devi was married about three years ago to Jagdish son of Babulal, resident of village Guru Ka Purwa, hamlet of Tendua. His daughter is the mother of a child. After the birth of a girl child, his son-in-law remains angry with his daughter and used to say to his wife to give the government money Rs. 1400/- received on the birth of girl. On 29.04.2008, at about 8:00 in the evening, his son-in-law came to his house and stayed there. His daughter prepared food and served it to him. After some time, he (accused Jagdish) told to his daughter that he needed to go for defecation and asked her to bring water in a mug (lota). His daughter, being simple in nature, brought water. He, then, told her to come along with the mug (lota) of water. Both, his daughter and his son-in-law, went towards the northern fields. Today on 30.04.2008, small children of village came to his house and informed his wife that the dead body of her daughter Anita Devi was lying in the field of Dadan. He and his wife went there and saw their daughter lying dead. His son-in-law has killed his daughter by pressing her neck with his hands and there were several injuries on her body and blood had also come out. Report may be written and necessary action may be taken.

(3) On the basis of aforesaid written report (Ext. Ka.1), F.I.R., bearing Case Crime No. 145 of 2008, under Section 302 I.P.C. was registered at police station Fursatganj, district Raebareli on 30.04.2008 at 10:30 A.M.

(4) The investigation was conducted by S.I. Prem Pal Singh. He, after recording the statement of complainant, his wife Prema Devi and other witnesses, had prepared the site plan on the pointing out of complainant on 30.04.2008 itself. On 30.04.2008, Naib Tehsildar Tiloi Rampal Tiwari had prepared the inquest report of the dead body of the deceased

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