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IN THE HIGH COURT OF MADHYA PRADESH
(FULL BENCH)
Suresh Kumar Kait, CJ, Sushrut Arvind Dharmadhikari and Vivek Jain, JJ.
Vivek Kumar Sharma v. The State of Madhya Pradesh & Others
Writ Petitions No. 13864 of 2019 and 26802 of 2018 (Jabalpur); Decided on 1.3.2025
(1) Environment -- spectre of environmental degradation is ‘existential’, not ‘futuristic’ -- it is right in front of current generation, staring at us eye-to-eye, sounding an alarming call that environment has to be at forefront and priority whilst framing or implementing of any developmental policy by State. [Para 15
(2) Constitution of India -- Art. 226 -- maintainability of writ petition -- delay and laches -- held -- principles of Limitation Act, 1963 do not apply to Constitutional Courts like High Court exercising original inherent jurisdiction. [Para 24
(3) Delay -- not an inviolable legal rule, but a rule of practice -- must be supplemented with sound exercise of judicial discretion after individualized analysis of each case and scrutiny of competing interests of justice -- where litigant is incapacitated to approach Courts, has no easy access to doors of justice or cause is one (like ‘cause of environment’) which needs two broad shoulders to be carried on, Courts must be liberal in overlooking delay and laches -- especially in cases of environmental injury, consideration of justice demands that there must be adjudication on merits by Court, rather than summary dismissal based solely on procedural grounds of delay -- delay and laches cannot be used to expel claim made on behalf of public -- Courts must be driven and governed by objective of promoting larger public interest -- ought to examine merits where it is found that consideration on merits might have cascading effect on sizeable section of citizens. (1993) 2 SCC 703 and In Re: Sec. 6A 2024 SCC Online SC 2880 followed. [Para 24
(4) Constitution of India -- Art. 226 -- maintainability of writ petition -- delay and laches -- writ petitions filed after more than 3 years -- petitions raise vital questions touching environmental concerns relatable to life of every citizen as it relates to barrier free, unbridled permission for movement of 62 species of trees and plants whose forest produce are completely liberated from regulatory control of State, having potential of adversely affecting forest cover of State -- there is a perceived threat of glaring nature to pristine and virgin forest cover of State if regulatory control over such large number of species is lifted -- questions raised directly or indirectly affect large section of people -- petition also raises vital public policy issues having wide environmental ramifications -- balancing necessity of promoting tree plantation and agroforestry over private lands on one hand whilst ensuring that it does not lead to unchecked felling of trees in forest areas -- held -- doctrine of laches ought not to be applied strictly to throw out claim at threshold. Writ Petition No. 7491 of 2015 decided on 13.1.2016 distinguished. [Paras 25 & 26
(5) Constitution of India -- Arts. 21, 14 and 48A -- interrelation of healthy environment, forests, wildlife with right to life of citizens -- Arts. 48A, 21 and 14 have assumed the importance of providing fundamental right to clean environment and fundamental right against adverse effects of climate change -- any policy framed by Government must withstand strict scrutiny of judicial review -- of being least damaging policy for environment and giving environment primacy over interests of humans, apart from balancing same equally. (1999) 2 SCC 718, (2021)4 SCC 309 and (2024) 3 SCR 1320 followed. [Paras 31, 33 & 121.a
(6) Doctrine -- precautionary principle -- has been accepted as one of the insegregable facets of environmental jurisprudence -- State is mandated to protect, improve environment and safeguard forests -- it requires government to anticipate, prevent, pre-empt and remedy or eradicate all possible causes of environmental degradation, including acting sternly against violators -- precautionary principle encapsulates within itself the special principle of burden of proof in environmental disputes -- also termed as reversal of burden of proof -- proponents of any action having adverse environmental implications are required to shoulder evidentiary burden of showing that their proposal does not harm environment in incurable, irreparable and irreversible ways -- even if environmental risks arising out of proposed action are uncertain, but ‘non-negligible’, then precautionary principle warrants and justifies implementation of regulatory action -- precautionary principle therefore mandates Constitutional Courts to predict ‘non-negligibility’ of environmental harm and to encourage regulatory action if ‘non-negligibility’ is manifest/foreseeable in such environmental harm arising out of any human activity or governmental decision -- governance by State must also be sufficiently indicative of adoption of precautionary principle in their approach. (2022) 15 SCR 1066 and (1999) 2 SCC 718 followed. [Paras 34 & 36
(7) Doctrine -- precautionary principle -- whenever Court is called upon to choose one of two possible views, one tilting towards ‘environmental perspectives’ and other towards ‘rights perspective’ (exercise of fundamental/Constitutional rights by citizens) then by virtue of precautionary principle, Court is Constitutionally obligated and mandated under Art. 21 r/w Art. 48A to lean towards environmental view -- Courts must encourage implementation of all such regulatory actions that are designed at facilitating precaution and prevention in matters of environment -- prevention is always preferable over post-problem solutions. [Paras 37 & 121.b
(8) Doctrine -- public trust doctrine -- State holds all natural resources, including natural elements present on earth (soil, water, land, fire, forests, flora and fauna) as a trustee, not as owner, on behalf of each of its residents, inhabitants and citizens -- duty to preserve and judiciously use natural resources in a way that they are always available in their pristine and purified form for posterity is the responsibility of State as a trustee of all these natural resources. [Paras 38 & 121.c
(9) Forest Act, 1927 -- S. 41 -- doctrine of public trust -- duties and responsibilities of State as ‘perpetual trustee’ -- natural resources neither belong to one State nor to any individual, but to the whole community at large -- the doctrine enjoins upon Government to protect natural resources for enjoyment of general public rather than to permit their use for private ownership or commercial purposes -- restrictions on State and governmental authority ingrained by virtue of public trust doctrine enumerated -- in cases involving environmental issues, public trust doctrine has a much wider and broader application warranting strict judicial review of attempts by State of parting with natural resources for private or commercial gains. (2012) 10 SCC 1, (1997) 1 SCC 388, (2006) 3 SCC 549 and (2009) 3 SCC 571 followed. [Paras 39, 40 & 121.d
(10) Forest Conservation Act, 1980 -- S. 2(ii) and Explanation -- S. 2(ii) accompanied with Explanation is a widely worded clause -- includes any purpose of clearing of any forest land -- treats activity of clearing of any forest land as activity aimed at 'non-forest purpose' -- unnatural felling of trees or timber, unnatural extraction or generation of forest produce within forest areas clearly constitutes ‘non-forest purpose’ under Sec. 2(ii) of Act. [Para 50
(11) Forest Act, 1927 -- S. 2(4)(b) -- expression ‘that is to say’ -- is a vital phrase -- indicates that definition of forest produce is not exhaustive but enumerative and wide enough to encompass everything that is incidental or ancillary to words/expressions that make up the definition of forest produce. [Para 54
(12) Words and phrases -- expression ‘that is to say’ -- is a common expression employed for defining inclusive generic terms -- it cannot be interpreted to circumscribe scope of definition -- nor can definition be limited to words used in definition clause. 2024 SCC Online SC 3029 followed. (1942) 4 FCR 17 relied on. [Para 55
(13) Forest Act, 1927 -- Ss. 2(4), 41 and 69 -- ‘forest produce’ -- shall include everything which may have characteristics or attributes of various defining words/expressions employed thereunder -- cannot remain confined to various nomenclatures specified or mentioned under definition clause, but goes much beyond -- Government possesses ample powers u/s. 41 to regulate transportation, storage and transit of forest produce as defined under Forest Act, even though said produce may not have stricto sensu generated or originated from within confines of forest -- rebuttable presumption u/s. 69 also gets attracted to such forest produce, wherein it is presumed to be government property -- there is no distinction between forest produce grown on private land and that originating or generated from within forest areas -- in context of S. 2(4)(a), such distinction is completely irrelevant, and in case of S. 2(4)(b), onus is upon person claiming that it is not forest produce to show that said material or product has not originated or generated from within forest areas. AIR 1963 Ori. 24 relied on.
[Paras 56 to 58 & 121.l
(14) Forest Act, 1927 -- S. 41 -- scope of power -- regulatory powers of State Government would include within their ken the power to prohibit. [Paras 60 & 121.e
(15) Forest Act, 1927 -- S. 41(3) -- it is in the form of exception to dispensation under S. 41(1) and 41(2) -- it empowers State Government to exempt any specified class of timber or other forest produce -- being an exception to norm, S. 41(3) must therefore be interpreted strictly and rigidly -- this is because State, in a way, is absolving itself of role of trustee by liberating exempted class of forest produce or timber completely from its regulatory control. [Para 61
(16) Forest Act, 1927 -- S. 41(3) -- scope of power -- there are two inbuilt limitations on exercise of powers of exemption -- (a) power is discretionary and cannot be invoked ordinarily, but exceptionally and sparingly -- (b) usage of word 'may direct' indicates mandatory precondition of existence of exigency, viz., compelling circumstances as a precursor to exercise of discretion of exempting any timber or other forest produce from rigour of Rules enacted by State.
[Paras 62 & 63
(17) Interpretation of Statute -- Forest Act, 1927 -- interpretation which serves Parliamentary intent and purpose behind the enactment must be preferred over interpretation which defeats objective of its enactment. [Para 63
(18) Forest Act, 1927 -- S. 41(3) -- scope of power -- apart from being an exception, powers u/s. 41(3) possess a clearly transient character, to be exercised for achieving a temporal objective -- whatever exemption is being granted by State, it is presumed to be existential only for limited duration, for meeting a temporary necessity which requires some immediate resolution -- exercise of powers of exemption u/s. 41(3) cannot be allowed to assume permanency or perpetuity as permanency or be allowed to become generalised in nature -- it is a transitory, temporal power, having a fixed life/duration, which is determined by the existence of compelling circumstances -- not only is State obligated to review at regular intervals the exemptions for various species, but also to examine and demonstrate that necessity for renewal/continuation/extension of such exemption exists to the same degree and extent as it was existing before -- if State finds after two or three years of granting exemption that such exemption is annihilative of such species in forest areas, leading to their depletion or decrease, then exemption may be revoked -- this is called periodic audit and scrutiny of necessity of exemption notification. 1964 JLJ 369 (SC), (2008) 5 SCC 287 and (1998) 2 SCC 1 followed. [Paras 65, 71, 109, 110 & 121.i
(19) Forest Act, 1927 -- S. 41(3) -- scope of power -- there are two prongs for invocation of exemption powers u/s. 41(3) -- firstly, necessity for granting exemption -- secondly, causal connection of necessity with purpose for which relaxation from regulatory control by State is granted. [Paras 66 & 121.f
(20) Forest Act, 1927 -- S. 41(3) -- necessity test -- whenever exemption is proposed to be granted, burden lies on State to justify the compelling reasons, exigencies and circumstances that require exemption -- this necessity is further subclassified into two different considerations -- firstly, timeframe for such exemption -- secondly, rational basis justifying exemption -- State cannot cryptically, without any application of mind, proceed to exclude any tree, plant or timber from applicability of plenary Rules enacted under Act. [Para 67
(21) Forest Act, 1927 -- S. 41(3) -- causal connection of necessity with ultimate decision of exemption -- not only State must demonstrate necessity, but it must also demonstrate that the only redress available to State for meeting such necessity or addressing the compelling circumstances is to grant exemption in place of regulation – ‘causal connection test’ must show that regulation u/s. 41(2) may be more injurious to cultivation, trading and transportation of forest produce than exempting it -- advantages and disadvantages have to be weighed wisely and judiciously in a way that necessity for exemption outweighs entirely the necessity of regulation of such forest produce by State as its eternal trustee. [Paras 68 & 69
(22) Forest Act, 1927 -- S. 41(3) -- test of temporal unreasonableness -- must require scrutiny and be examined in two different timeframes -- first, when the provision was originally notified -- second, when such provision comes to be challenged on ground of having outlived its utility or disappearance of any of the two preconditions (necessity test and causal relationship with necessity) -- if said subordinate legislation outlives its utility, it gets vitiated by ‘temporal unreasonableness’ and is resultantly rendered manifestly arbitrary. [Para 74
(23) Forest Act, 1927 -- S. 41(3) -- exemption -- would be available, if any, to those species which are exotic and not found or existent naturally in local or regional forests -- term 'local or regional forests' is referable not only to the same district, but also to the same region --'State' as a unit may also constitute a region. AIR 1997 SC 1228, Writ Petition (Civil) No. 202/1999 (SC), (1997) 2 SCC 267 and (1997) 3 SCC 312 discussed. [Para 87
(24) Forest Act, 1927 -- Ss. 69 and 2(4)(b) -- a presumption is attached to everything falling within four corners of definition of ‘forest produce’ u/s. 2(4)(b) that it has originated from within the forest area and belongs to State -- however, said presumption is a rebuttable one -- to be rebutted by showing necessary documents or papers in said regard -- S. 69 is wide enough to presume any forest produce as property of government until contrary is proved – word ‘any’ u/s. 69 would mean and stand interpreted as ‘every’ forest produce. [Para 89
(25) Forest Act, 1927 -- S. 41(3) -- Transit (Forest Produce) Rules, 2000 -- R. 3 -- exempts not only transportation of forest produce from mandatory requirement of Transit Pass for exempted species of forest produce, but also impliedly liberates them completely from regulatory regime of entire set of Transit Rules -- exempting provisions of Proviso (b) to Rule 3 give ‘blanket pass’ to transportation of timber, fuel and forest produce of exempted category -- exemption u/s. 41(3) cannot be a blanket one or so broad-based in nature as to defeat the very objective and Parliamentary intent behind S. 41(1) and (2). [Paras 94, 95, 121.g & 121.m
(26) Forest Act, 1927 -- S. 41(3) -- Transit (Forest Produce) Rules, 2000 -- R. 3 -- exemption notification dated 24.9.2015 -- has made trees, plantation and biodiversity present in forest areas extremely vulnerable to timber mafia -- till State justifies validity of providing exemption on such wholesale scale by demonstrating that it will not have any adverse effect on environment, it is not permitted to implement the impugned exemption notification. (2024) 3 SCR 1320 followed. [Paras 102 & 103
(27) Forest Act, 1927 -- S. 41(3) -- Constitution of India -- Art. 48A -- validity of exemption notification dated 24.9.2015 and its subsequent amendments -- held -- power of exemption seems to have been unmindfully exercised, without undertaking any study or research survey of the species exempted vide impugned notifications -- State has acted contrary to recommendations of MoEF -- this amounts to gross abdication of its Constitutional duty as trustee of natural resources, as envisaged under Art. 48A of Constitution read with S. 41(1) of Forest Act -- no document on record to show that even on date all the 62-63 species deserve exercise of exceptional powers of exemption u/s. 41(3) after 10 years of their exemption -- impugned notification dated 24.9.2015 and amendments affected vide subsequently issued notification of April, 2017 are ultra vires the provisions of S. 41(1), (2) and (3), being manifestly arbitrary -- both notifications held to be invalid and liable to be struck down.
[Paras 106, 110, 111, 121.o and & 121.p
(28) Forest Act, 1927 -- S. 41(3) -- as eternal trustee of natural resources on behalf of public at large, State is duty bound to examine, review and assess necessity of continuing/extending/renewing the operation of exemption notification qua any species at least every three years before continuing said species in exempted category.
[Paras 110, 121.j & 121.k
(29) Constitution of India -- Art. 14 -- legislation or subordinate legislation would become manifestly arbitrary under Art. 14 when enacting authority acts capriciously, irrationally, with oblique or without adequate determining principle -- when something is done in excessive and disproportionate manner, contrary to provisions, purpose and objective for which such power is conferred by parent enactment, such executive action or subordinate legislation becomes manifestly arbitrary -- such a test of manifest arbitrariness can be resorted to for invalidating legislation a Parliamentary/State enactment as well under Article 14. (2016) 7 SCC 703 and (2017) 9 SCC 1 followed. [Para 112
(30) Annulment -- effect -- annulment of impugned notification shall automatically revive validity of previously issued notifications. [Para 113
(31) Forest Act, 1927 -- S. 41(3) -- Transit (Forest Produce) Rules, 2000 -- R. 3 -- annulment of impugned notification dated 24.9.2015 and subsequent amendments -- effect -- even though annulment of impugned notification ideally should lead to automatic revival of previously issued notifications of 2005 and 2007, this Court, in appropriate cases, has powers to mould relief and issue appropriate directions to avoid perpetration of injustice or loss to environment attributable to final reliefs -- held -- State Government restrained from enforcing notifications of 2005 and 2007 by keeping them in abeyance for period of 6 months from date of judgment -- during this period of 6 months, if State intends to come out with any fresh exemption notification of any number of species, it shall undertake State-wide study and survey by a High Power Committee for finding out which all species proposed to be exempted are present substantially/significantly in local and regional forests of State -- after preparation of research and survey report by HPC, State Government may either come out with a new exemption notification or may consider continuing implementation of previously issued notifications of 2005 and 2007 with modifications as it deems fit -- consequential directions issued.
[Paras 114 to 116, 119, 121.n, 121.q & 123
(32) Constitution of India -- Art. 226 -- power of writ Court to mould relief -- relief can be moulded wherever it is necessary to prevent injustice being perpetuated owing to reliefs being granted by Court eventually. [Paras 114 & 121.r
(33) Forest Act, 1927 -- S. 41(3) -- Transit (Forest Produce) Rules, 2000 -- R. 3 -- obligatory for State to periodically review and assess necessity of continuing exemption and relaxation of any species of trees and plants after at least every three years, on basis of satisfaction regarding compelling circumstances, exigencies and desirability for continuing exemption/relaxation. [Para 120
(34) Constitution of India -- Art. 226 -- Forest Act, 1927 -- S. 41(3) -- powers of exemption u/s. 41(3) are always subject to judicial review, to be justified by demonstrating ample material, compelling circumstances backed by data, research, surveys and empirical studies -- if State fails to meet any criterion as aforestated in justifying exemption, the exemption would not only become violative of S. 41(3), but would also fall from the generic principles and Parliamentary intent as exhibited u/s. 41(1) and (2) of Forest Act. [Para 121.h
(35) Constitution of India -- Art. 226 -- High Court of Madhya Pradesh Rules, 2008 -- Rr. 8 and 9 -- power of larger bench hearing reference -- ordinarily, task of larger/full bench is concluded with recording of conclusion and remitting matter back to designated Bench for further adjudication -- however, rules nowhere inhibit or curtail inherent powers of High Court under Art. 226 for acting ‘ex debito justitiae’ (in the larger interests of justice) where it is felt compulsory -- practice of issuing directions whilst answering reference in extraordinary cases for doing complete justice in extraordinary situations is not completely unknown -- issuance of directions is intertwined with delivery of final judgment as a necessary ingredient of justice dispensation process. (2014) 2 SCC 1, 2024 SCC Online 2880 and (2024) 5 SCC 1 referred to. [Para 122
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¼3½ foyac && vya?kuh; fof/kd fu;e ugha vfirq O;kogkfjd fu;e gS && çR;sd çdj.k ds O;fäxr fo'ys"k.k vkSj U;k; ds çfrLi/khZ fgrksa dh laoh{kk ds i'pkr~ U;kf;d foosd ds lqvk/kkfjr ç;ksx ls iwfjr gksuk vko';d gS && tgk¡ okndkjh U;k;ky;ksa ds le{k esa vkus esa v{ke gS] mlds fy, U;k; ds }kj lqxe ugha vFkok fo"k; ,slk gS ftls ogu djus ds fy, nks l'kä da/kksa dh vko';drk gS ¼tSls ^i;kZoj.k dk fo"k;*½] ogk¡ U;k;ky;ksa dks foyac vkSj xQyr {kek djus esa mnkj gksuk gh pkfg, && fo'ks"kr% i;kZoj.k laca/kh {kfr ds ekeyksa esa U;k;&fopkj dh ek¡x gS fd foyac ds çfØ;kRed vk/kkj ek= ij laf{kIr [kkfjth ds ctk; U;k;ky;ksa }kjk xq.kkxq.k ij gh U;k;fu.kZ;u fd;k tk, && foyac vkSj xQyr dk mi;ksx loZlk/kkj.k dh vksj ls fd;k x;k nkok [kkfjt djus ds fy, ugha fd;k tk ldrk && U;k;ky;ksa dks c`gÙkj yksd fgr vxzlj djus ds mís'; ls çsfjr vkSj 'kkflr gksuk gh pkfg, && tgk¡ ik;k tk, fd xq.kkxq.k ij fopkj djus ls ukxfjdksa ds cM+h la[;k ij J`a[kykc) çHkko iM+ ldrk gS] ogk¡ xq.kkxq.k ij fopkj djuk pkfg,A ¼1993½ 2 ,llhlh 703 rFkk 2024 ,llhlh v‚uykbu ,llh 2880 vuqlfjrA ¼iSjk 24
¼4½ Hkkjr dk lafo/kku && vuq- 226 && ;kfpdk pyus ;ksX; gksuk && foyac vkSj xQyr && fjV ;kfpdk,¡ 3 o"kZ ls vf/kd le; i'pkr~ çLrqr dh xbZa &&;kfpdkvksa esa çR;sd ukxfjd ds thou ls lacaf/kr i;kZoj.k dh leL;kvksa ds ckjs esa egRoiw.kZ ç'u mBk, x, gSa D;ksafd og o`{kksa vkSj ikS/kksa dh ,slh 62 çtkfr;ksa ds ifjogu ds fy, ck/kkeqä] fujadq'k vuqefr ds ckjs esa gS ftudh ou&mit jkT; ds fofu;ked fu;a=.k ls iw.kZr% eqä gks xbZ gS] ftlls jkT; ds ou {ks= ij çfrdwy çHkko iM+us dh laHkkouk gS && çtkfr;ksa dh bruh cM+h la[;k ij ls fofu;ked fu;a=.k gVk fn, tkus ls jkT; ds fueZy vkSj v{kr ou {ks= dks ?kksj ç—fr ds [krjs dh vk'kadk gS && mBk, x, ç'uksa ls cM+h la[;k esa yksx çR;{kr% ;k vçR;{kr% çHkkfor gksrs gSa && ;kfpdk esa i;kZoj.k laca/kh c`gr~ ifj.kkeksa okys yksd uhfr ds ç'u Hkh mBk, x, gSa && futh Hkwfe ij o`{kkjksi.k vkSj —f"kokfudh dks cढ+kok nsus dh vko';drk ds lkFk gh ;g lqfuf'pr djus dk larqyu cSBkuk gS fd mlls ou {ks= esa o`{kksa dk vfu;af=r dVko ugha gks && vfHkfu/kkZfjr && nkos dks vkjafHkd çØe ij gh [kkfjt djus ds fy, vfrfoyac dk fl)kar vfrfu;efu"Brk ls ykxw ugha fd;k tkuk pkfg,A fjV ;kfpdk Ø- 7491 lu~ 2015 fu.khZr fnukad 13-1-2016 çHksfnrA ¼iSjk 25 ,oa 26
¼5½ Hkkjr dk lafo/kku && vuq- 21] 14 rFkk 48d && LoLFk i;kZoj.k] ouksa] oU;thoksa dk ukxfjdksa ds thou ds vf/kdkj ls ijLij&laca/k && vuq- 48d] 21 rFkk 14 us LoPN i;kZoj.k dk ewy vf/kdkj rFkk tyok;q ifjorZu ds çfrdwy çHkkoksa ds fo:) ewy vf/kdkj nsus dk egRo /kkj.k dj fy;k gS && ljdkj }kjk fojfpr fdlh Hkh uhfr dks U;kf;d iqufoZyksdu dh dM+h laoh{kk dk lkeuk djuk gh gksxk && mUgsa i;kZoj.k ds fy, de&ls&de uqdlkunk;d uhfr gksus rFkk euq";ksa ds fgrksa ij i;kZoj.k dks çkFkfedrk nsus ds laca/k esa lekur% larqfyr djus ds vfrfjäA ¼1999½ 2 ,llhlh 718] ¼2021½4 ,llhlh 309 rFkk ¼2024½ 3 ,llhvkj 1320 vuqlfjrA ¼iSjk 31] 33 ,oa 121- a
¼6½ fl)kar && iwokZo/kkuh dk fl)kar && i;kZoj.k laca/kh fof/k 'kkL= ds vfHkUu igyqvksa esa ls ,d ds :i esa Lohdkj fd;k x;k gS && jkT; dks i;kZoj.k lajf{kr djus] lq/kkjus rFkk ouksa dh j{kk djus dh vkKk nh xbZ gS && blesa ljdkj ls i;kZoj.k laca/kh vid"kZ ds leLr laHkkO; dkj.kksa dk iwokZuqeku djus] mudk fuokj.k djus] mUgsa igys gh jksdus rFkk mudk mipkj ;k mUewyu djus dh vis{kk dh xbZ gS] ftlesa vfrØkedksa ds fo:) dM+kbZ ls dkjZokbZ djuk lfEefyr gS && iwokZo/kkuh ds fl)kar esa i;kZoj.k laca/kh fooknksa esa lcwr ds Hkkj dk fo'ks"k fl)kar laiqfVr gS && ftls lcwr ds Hkkj dk çfrykse Hkh dgk tkrk gS && i;kZoj.k ij çfrdwy ifj.kkeksa okys fdlh Hkh dk;Z ds çLrkodksa }kjk ;g n'kkZus dk lkf{;d Hkkj ogu fd;k tkuk visf{kr gS fd muds çLrko ls i;kZoj.k dks vlk/;] vlq/kk;Z vkSj vifjorZuh; çdkj ls gkfu ugha gksrh && çLrkfor dk;Z ls mn~Hkwr i;kZoj.k lacaèkh tksf[ke vfuf'pr ijarq ^xSj&ux.* gksa rc Hkh] iwokZo/kkuh dk fl)kar fofu;ked dkjZokbZ ds fØ;kUo;u dks okaNuh; vkSj U;k;ksfpr cukrk gS && bl çdkj- iwokZoèkkuh dk fl)kar lkafo/kkfud U;k;ky;ksa dks i;kZoj.k laca/kh gkfu dh ^xSj&ux.rk* dk iwokZuqeku yxkus] rFkk fdlh Hkh ekuoh; xfrfof/k ;k ljdkjh fofu'p; ls mn~Hkwr ,slh i;kZoj.k laca/kh gkfu esa ^xSj&ux.rk* çdV@iwokZuqes; gks rks] fofu;ked dkjZokbZ dks çksRlkgu nsus dh vkKk nsrk gS && jkT; }kjk 'kklu esa Hkh muds :[k esa iwokZo/kkuh ds fl)kar dk vaxhdj.k i;kZIrr% minf'kZr gksuk vko';d gSA ¼2022½ 15 ,llhvkj 1066 rFkk ¼1999½ 2 ,llhlh 718 vuqlfjrA ¼iSjk 34 ,oa 36
¼7½ fl)kar && iwokZo/kkuh dk fl)kar && tc Hkh U;k;ky; ls nks laHkkO; n`f"Vdks.kksa esa ls ,d pquus dh vis{kk dh tkrh gS] ftuesa ls ,d dk >qdko ^i;kZoj.k laca/kh ifjçs{;ksa* dh vksj gS vkSj nwljs dk ^vf/kdkjksa ds ifjçs{;* ¼ukxfjdksa }kjk ewy@lkafo/kkfud vf/kdkjksa ds ç;ksx½ dh vksj] rc iwokZo/kkuh ds fl)kar ds dkj.k U;k;ky; vuq- 21 lgifBr vuq- 48d ds v/khu i;kZoj.k laca/kh –f"Vdks.k dh vksj >qdus ds fy, lkafo/kkfudr% ck/; vkSj vkKkfir gS && U;k;ky;ksa dks mu leLr fofu;ked dkjZokb;ksa ds fØ;kUo;u dks çksRlkfgr djuk gh pkfg, tks i;kZoj.k ds ekeyksa esa iwokZo/kkuh vkSj fuokj.k lqdj cukus ds fy, vfHkdfYir gSa && leL;k ds mijkar ds gyksa ls fuokj.k lnSo Js;Ldj gSA ¼iSjk 37 ,oa 121-
¼8½ fl)kar && yksd U;kl dk fl)kar && jkT; Lokeh ds :i esa ugha] vfirq vius çR;sd fuoklh] ckf'kans vkSj ukxfjd dh vksj ls U;klh ds :i esa lHkh çkÑfrd lalk/kuksa dks /kkj.k djrk gS] ftuesa i`Foh ij fo|eku çk—frd rRo ¼e`nk] ty] Hkwfe] vfXu] ou] ouLifr vkSj tho&tarq½ lfEefyr gSa && çk—frd lalk/kuksa dks lajf{kr djus rFkk bl çdkj foosdiw.kZ ढax ls mi;ksx djus dk drZO; fd og larfr ds fy, lnSo vius fueZy vkSj v{kr Lo:i esa miyC/k jgsa] bu çk—frd lalk/kuksa ds U;klh ds :i esa jkT; dk mÙkjnkf;Ro gSA ¼iSjk 38 ,oa 121-lh
¼9½ ou vf/kfu;e] 1927 && /kkjk 41 && yksd U;kl dk fl)kar && ^'kk'or U;klh* ds :i esa jkT; ds drZO; vkSj mÙkjnkf;Ro && çk—frd lalk/ku u rks fdlh ,d jkT; ds gSa] u fdlh O;fä ds] vfirq og lexz leqnk; ds gSa && ;g fl)kar ljdkj dks futh LokfeRo ;k okf.kfT;d ç;kstuksa ds fy, muds mi;ksx dh vuqefr nsus ds ctk;] loZlk/kkj.k ds miHkksx ds fy, çk—frd lalk/kuksa dh j{kk djus dh vkKk nsrk gS && jkT; rFkk ljdkjh çkf/kdj.k ij yksd U;kl ds fl)kar ds vk/kkj ij varfuZfgr fucaZ/ku ifjxf.kr && i;kZoj.k laca/kh fook|dksa ds ekeyksa esa] yksd U;kl dk fl)kar vf/kd c`gÙkj vkSj foLr`r :i ls ykxw gksrk gS ftlds dkj.k futh ;k okf.kfT;d ykHkksa ds fy, çk—frd lalk/kuksa dks fdlh vU; dks nsus ds jkT; ds ç;klksa dk vfrfu;efu"B U;kf;d iqufoZyksdu vko';d gks tkrk gSA ¼2012½10 ,llhlh 1] ¼1997½1 ,llhlh 388] ¼2006½ 3 ,llhlh 549 rFkk ¼2009½ 3 ,llhlh 571 vuqlfjrA ¼iSjk 39] 40 ,oa 121&Mh
¼10½ ou ¼laj{k.k½ vf/kfu;e] 1980 && /kkjk 2¼2½ rFkk Li"Vhdj.k &&Li"Vhdj.k ds lkFk /kkjk 2¼2½ O;kid o.kZu dk [kaM gS && blesa fdlh Hkh ç;kstu ds fy, fdlh Hkh ou Hkwfe dh dVkbZ lfEefyr gS && fdlh Hkh ou Hkwfe dh dVkbZ dh xfrfof/k dks ^xSj&ou ç;kstu* ds vfHkçk; dh xfrfof/k ekuk x;k gS && o`{kksa ;k bekjrh ydM+h dh vLokHkkfod dVkbZ] ou {ks=ksa ds Hkhrj ou&mit ds vLokHkkfod mR[kuu ;k mRiknu ls Li"Vr% vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 2¼2½ ds v/khu ^xSj&ou ç;kstu* xfBr gksrk gSA ¼iSjk 50
¼11½ ou vf/kfu;e] 1927 && /kkjk 2¼4½¼[k½ && vfHkO;fä ^vFkkZr~* && egRoiw.kZ okD;ka'k gS && bafxr djrk gS fd ou&mit dh ifjHkk"kk iw.kZ ugha vfirq x.kuklwpd gS rFkk ou&mit dh ifjHkk"kk xfBr djus okys 'kCnksa@vfHkO;fä;ksa ls çklafxd ;k vkuq"kafxd lHkh dqN lfEefyr djus ds fy, i;kZIrr% O;kid gSA ¼iSjk 54
¼12½ 'kCn rFkk okD;ka'k && vfHkO;fä ^vFkkZr~* && lekos'kh oxhZ; inksa dks ifjHkkf"kr djus ds fy, mi;ksx dh tkus okyh lkekU; vfHkO;fä gS && bldk fuoZpu ifjHkk"kk dh O;kfIr lhfer djus ds fy, ugha fd;k tk ldrk && u gh ifjHkk"kk dks ifjHkk"kk [kaM esa mi;ksx fd, x, 'kCnksa rd lhfer fd;k tk ldrk gSA 2024 ,llhlh v‚uykbu ,llh 3029 vuqlfjrA ¼1942½4 ,Qlhvkj 17 voyafcrA ¼iSjk 55
¼13½ ou vf/kfu;e] 1927 && /kkjk 2¼4½] 41 rFkk 69 && ^ou&mit* && og lc lfEefyr gksxk ftlesa rn/khu mi;ksx fd, x, fofHkUu ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnksa@ vfHkO;fä;ksa ds vfHky{k.k ;k xq.k gksa && ^ou&mit* ifjHkk"kk [kaM esa fofufnZ"V ;k mfYyf[kr fofHkUu ukeksa rd lhfer ugha jg ldrh] cfYd mlls dgha vkxs rd tkrh gS && vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 41 ds v/khu ljdkj dks ou vf/kfu;e ds v/khu ;Fkk ifjHkkf"kr ou&mit ds ifjogu] Hk.Mkj.k rFkk vfHkogu dks fofu;fer djus dh çpqj 'kfä gS] Hkys gh mä mit dk mRiknu ;k mRifÙk lgh vFkZ esa ou dh lhekvksa ds Hkhrj ugha gq, gksa && ,slh ou&mit dks vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 69 ds vèkhu [kaMuh; mi/kkj.kk Hkh vk—"V gksrh gS] ftlesa blds ljdkj dh laifÙk gksus dh mièkkj.kk dh tkrh gS && futh Hkwfe ij mxkbZ xbZ ou&mit vkSj ou {ks=ksa ds Hkhrj mRiUu ;k mRikfnr ou&mit esa dksbZ Hksn ugha && /kkjk 2¼4½¼d½ ds lanHkZ esa ,slk Hksn iw.kZr% vlaxr gS] rFkk /kkjk 2¼4½¼[k½ ds ekeys esa ;g n'kkZus dk Hkkj fd mä lkexzh ;k mRikn ou {ks=ksa ds Hkhrj ls mRiUu ;k mRikfnr ugha gqvk gS] ml O;fä ij gS tks nkok djrk gS fd og ou&mit ugha gSA ,vkbvkj 1963 mM+hlk 24 voyafcrA ¼iSjk 56 ls 58 ,oa 121&,y
¼14½ ou vf/kfu;e] 1927 && /kkjk 41 && 'kfä dh O;kfr && jkT; ljdkj dh fofu;ked 'kfä;ksa dh O;kfIr esa çfr"ks/k djus dh 'kfä lfEefyr gksxhA ¼iSjk 60 ,oa 121&e
¼15½ ou vf/kfu;e] 1927 && /kkjk 41¼3½ && ;g /kkjk 41¼1½ rFkk 41¼2½ ds v/khu O;oLFkk ds viokn ds :i esa gS && ;g jkT; ljdkj dks bekjrh ydM+h ;k vU; ou&mit ds fdlh Hkh fofufnZ"V oxZ dks NwV nsus ds fy, l'kä djrh gS ekud dk viokn gksus ds dkj.k] /kkjk 41¼3½ dk fuoZpu vfrfu;efu"Bk vkSj dM+kbZ ls fd;k tkuk vko';d gS && ,slk blfy, fd jkT; ou&mit ;k bekjrh ydM+h ds NwV&çkIr oxZ dks vius fofu;ked fu;a=.k ls iw.kZr% Lora= dj] ,d çdkj ls Lo;a dks U;klh dh Hkwfedk ls eqä dj jgk gSA ¼iSjk 61
¼16½ ou vf/kfu;e] 1927 && /kkjk 41¼3½ && 'kfä dh O;kfIr && NwV dh 'kfä ds ç;ksx ij nks lfUufgr lhek,¡ gSa && ¼d½ 'kfä oSosfdd gS vkSj lkekU;r% mldk voyac ugha fy;k tk ldrk] cfYd vkiokfnd :i ls vkSj ferO;;rk ls gh fy;k tk ldrk gS && ¼[k½ ^funs'k ns ldsxh* 'kCnksa ds mi;ksx ls fdlh Hkh bekjrh ydM+h ;k vU; ou&mit dks jkT; }kjk vf/kfu;fer fu;eksa dh dfBukbZ ls NwV nsus ds foosdkf/kdkj ds ç;ksx ds fy, vR;ko';drk dh fo|ekurk dh] vFkkZr~ iwoZ y{k.k ds :i esa ck/;dj ifjLFkfr;ksa dh] vkKkid iwoZ&'krZ bafxr gSA ¼iSjk 62 ,oa 63
¼17½ fof/k dk fuoZpu && ou vf/kfu;e] 1927 && vf/kfu;fefr ds ihNs ds lalnh; vk'k; vkSj ç;kstu dh iwfrZ djus okys fuoZpu dks ,sls fuoZpu ij vfèkeku fn;k tkuk gksrk gS ftl fuoZpu ls mldk mís'; foQy gksrk gSA ¼iSjk 63
¼18½ ou vf/kfu;e] 1927 && /kkjk 41¼3½ && 'kfä dh O;kfIr && vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 41¼3½ ds v/khu 'kfä viokn gksus ds vfrfjä] Li"Vr% vLFkk;h ç—fr dh gS] ftls fdlh ,sfgd mís'; dh çkfIr ds fy, ç;qä fd;k tkuk gksrk gS && jkT; }kjk tks Hkh NwV çnku dh tkrh gS mldk vfLrRo dsoy lhfer vof/k ds fy, ,slh vLFkk;h vko';drk dh iwfrZ ds fy, gksus dh mi/kkj.kk dh tkrh gS ftldk dksbZ vfoyac lek/kku vko';d gS && vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 41¼3½ ds v/khu NwV dh 'kfä ds ç;ksx dks LFkkf;Ro] ;k LFkkf;Ro ds :i esa 'kk'orrk] /kkj.k djus vFkok lkekU; ç—fr dk cuus ugha fn;k tk ldrk && ;g lkef;d] ,sfgd 'kfä gS] ftldk fu;r thoudky@vof/k gS] tks ck/;dj ifjfLFkfr;ksa dh fo|ekurk ls vo/kkfjr gksrk gS && jkT; fu;fer varjkyksa ij fofHkUu çtkfr;ksa ds fy, NwV dk iqufoZyksdu djus ds fy, gh ugha] vfirq ;g ijh{kk djus vkSj çnf'kZr djus dks Hkh ck/; gS fd ml NwV ds uohdj.k@tkjh jgus@cढ+k, tkus dh vko';drk mlh Lrj vkSj lhek rd vfLrRo esa gS tks iwoZ esa Fkh && ;fn NwV çnku djus ds nks ;k rhu o"kZ mijkar jkT; }kjk ik;k tkrk gS fd ml NwV ls ou {ks=ksa esa mu çtkfr;ksa dk fouk'k gks jgk gS] ftlls mudk ºzkl gks jgk gS ;k deh vk jgh gS] rks NwV okil yh tk ldrh gS && bls vkof/kd laijh{kk rFkk NwV vf/klwpuk dh vko';drk dh laoh{kk dgk tkrk gSA 1964 ts,yts 369 ¼mPpre U;k½] ¼2008½ 5 ,llhlh 287 rFkk ¼1998½2 ,llhlh 1 vuqlfjrA ¼iSjk 65] 71] 109] 110 ,oa 121-vkbZ
¼19½ ou vf/kfu;e] 1927 && /kkjk 41¼3½ && 'kfä dh O;kfIr && vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 41¼3½ ds v/khu NwV dh 'kfä ds voyacu dh nks 'kk[kk,¡ gSa && çFker%- NwV çnku djus dh vko';drk && f}rh;r%- vko';drk dk ml ç;kstu ls dkj.kkRed laca/k ftlds fy, jkT; ds fofu;ked fu;a=.k esa 'kSfFkY; fn;k x;k gSA ¼iSjk 66 ,oa 121&,Q
¼20½ ou vf/kfu;e] 1927 && /kkjk 41¼3½ && vko';drk ijh{k.k && tc Hkh NwV çnku djuk çLrkfor gks rc NwV dks vko';d cukus okys ck/;dj dkj.kksa] vR;ko';drkvksa vkSj ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks U;k;ksfpr Bgjkus dk Hkkj jkT; ij gksrk gS && ;g vko';drk vkxs vkSj nks fHkUu fopkj.kh; ckrksa esa mifoHkkftr gS && çFker%- ml NwV ds fy, le;lhek && f}rh;r%- NwV dks U;k;ksfpr Bgjkus dk rdZlaxr vkèkkj && jkT; jgL;e; ढax ls] fcuk euksfu;ksx ds] fdlh o`{k] ikS/ks ;k bekjrh ydM+h dk vf/kfu;e ds v/khu vf/kfu;fer lokaZxh.k fu;eksa ds ykxw gksus ls vioftZr ugha dj ldrkA ¼iSjk 67<br>¼21½ ou vf/kfu;e] 1927 && /kkjk 41¼3½ && NwV ds vafre fofu'p; ls vko';drk dk dkj.kkRed laca/k && jkT; dks dsoy vko';drk gh çnf'kZr ugha djuk gksrh] cfYd ;g Hkh çnf'kZr djuk gksrk gS fd bl vko';drk dh iwfrZ ds fy, ;k ck/;dj ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls fuiVus ds fy, jkT; dks miyC/k ,dek= çfrrks'k fofu;eu ds LFkku ij NwV çnku djus dk gS && ^dkj.kkRed laca/k ijh{k.k* ls vo'; gh nf'kZr gksuk pkfg, fd ou&mit dh [ksrh] O;kikj vkSj ifjogu ds fy, NwV ls vf/kd vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 41¼2½ ds v/khu fofu;eu {kfrdkjd gks ldrk gS && ykHk vkSj gkfu dk ewY;kadu çKkiwoZd vkSj foosdiwoZd bl çdkj fd;k tkuk gksrk gS fd NwV dh vko';drk ou&mit ds 'kk'or U;klh ds :i esa jkT; }kjk mlds fofu;eu dh vko';drk ij iw.kZr% Hkkjh iMsAa ¼iSjk 68 ,oa 69<br>¼22½ ou vf/kfu;e] 1927 && /kkjk 41¼3½ && ,sfgd v;qfä;qärk dk ijh{k.k && laoh{kk vkSj nks fHkUu le;lhekvksa esa ijh{kk djuk vko';d vis{kk gS && çFke] tc mica/k ewyr% vf/klwfpr fd;k x;k Fkk && f}rh;] tc og mica/k viuh mi;ksfxrk ls vf/kd le; rd fVds jgus ds vk/kkj ij vk{ksfir fd;k tk, vFkok nks iwoZ&'krksZ ¼vko';drk ijh{k.k rFkk vko';drk ls dkj.kkRed laca/k½ esa ls fdlh ,d ds yqIr gksus ij && ;fn mä v/khuLFk fo/kku viuh mi;ksfxrk ls vf/kd le; rd fVdk jgrk gS rks og ^,sfgd v;qfä;qärk* ls nwf"kr gks tkrk gS vkSj ifj.kkeLo:i çdVr% euekuk gks tkrk gSA ¼iSjk 74<br>¼23½ ou vf/kfu;e] 1927 && /kkjk 41¼3½ && NwV && ;fn gks] rks mu çtkfr;ksa dks miyC/k gksxh tks fons'kt gSa vkSj çk—frd :i ls LFkkuh; ;k çknsf'kd ouksa esa ikbZ ugha tkrha ;k ugha gksrha && in ^LFkkuh; ;k çknsf'kd ou* mlh ftys ds gh ugha] vfirq mlh {ks= ds Hkh lanHkZ esa gS && bdkbZ ds :i esa ^jkT;* Hkh {ks= gks ldrk gSA ,vkbvkj 1997 ,llh 1228] fjV ;kfpdk ¼flfoy½ Ø- 202 lu~ 1999 ¼mPpre U;k-½] ¼1997½ 2 ,llhlh 267 rFkk ¼1997½ 3 ,llhlh 312 foosfprA ¼iSjk 87<br>¼24½ ou vf/kfu;e] 1927 && /kkjk 69 rFkk 2¼4½¼[k½ && vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 2¼4½¼[k½ ds v/khu ^ou&mit* dh ifjHkk"kk esa iw.kZr% vkus okyh çR;sd en ls ;g mi/kkj.kk layXu gksrh gS fd og ou {ks= ds Hkhrj mRiUu gbZ gS vkSj jkT; dh gS && rFkkfi] mä mi/kkj.kk [kaMuh; gS && bl laca/k esa vko';d nLrkost ;k dkxti= fn[kk dj [kafMr dh tkuk gksrh gS && /kkjk 69 ;g mi/kkj.kk djus ds fy, i;kZIrr% foLr`r gS fd dksbZ Hkh ou&mit ljdkj dh laifÙk gS] tc rd fd rRçfrdwy lkfcr ugha fd;k tk, && vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 69 ds v/khu 'kCn ^dksbZ* dk vFkZ vkSj fuoZpu gksxk ^çR;sd* ou&mitA ¼iSjk 89<br>¼25½ ou vf/kfu;e] 1927 && /kkjk 41¼3½ && e-ç- vfHkogu ¼ouksit½ fu;e] 2000 && fu-3 && ou&mit ds ifjogu dks ou&mit dh NwVçkIr çtkfr;ksa ds fy, vfHkogu ikl dh vkKkid vis{kk ls gh NwV ugha nh xbZ gS] vfirq ijks{k :i ls mUgsa vfHkogu fu;eksa ds laiw.kZ leqPp; dh fofu;ked O;oLFkk ls Hkh iw.kZr% Lora= dj fn;k x;k gS && fu- 3 ds ijarqd ¼[k½ ds NwV nsus okys mica/kksa esa NwVçkIr oxZ dh bekjrh ydM+h] bZa/ku rFkk ou&mit ds ifjogu dks ^cgqO;kih ikl* fn;k x;k gS && vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 41¼3½ ds v/khu NwV cgqO;kih ;k bruh O;kid ç—fr dh ugha gks ldrh fd /kkjk 41¼1½ vkSj ¼2½ ds ihNs dk mís'; vkSj lalnh; vk'k; gh foQy gks tk,A ¼iSjk 94] 95] 121-g ,oa 121-m<br>¼26½ ou vf/kfu;e] 1927 && /kkjk 41¼3½ && e-ç- vfHkogu ¼ouksit½ fu;e] 2000 && fu-3 && NwV vf/klwpuk fnukad 24-9-2015 && ou {ks=ksa esa fo|eku o`{kksa] ckxku vkSj tSo fofo/krk dks bekjrh ydM+h ekfQ;k ds çfr vR;ar fucZy cuk fn;k gS && tc rd jkT; ,sls Fkksd Lrj ij NwV çnku djus dh fof/kekU;rk dks ;g çnf'kZr dj U;k;ksfpr fl) ugha djrk fd blls i;kZoj.k ij dksbZ çfrdwy çHkko ugh iM+sxk] mls vkf{kIr NwV vf/klwpuk fØ;kfUor djus dh vuqefr ughaA ¼2024½3 ,llhvkj 1320 vuqlfjrA ¼iSjk 102 ,oa 103<br>¼27½ ou vf/kfu;e] 1927 && /kkjk 41¼3½ && Hkkjr dk lafo/kku && vuq- 48d && NwV vf/klwpuk fnukad 24-9-2015 rFkk mlds i'pkr~orhZ la'kks/kuksa dh fofèkekU;rk && vfHkfu/kkZfjr && NwV dh 'kfä] vkf{kIr vf/klwpukvksa }kjk NwV çkIr çtkfr;ksa dk dksbZ v/;;u ;k vuqla/kku losZ{k.k fd, fcuk] csijokgh ls ç;qä dh xbZ çrhr gksrh gS && jkT; us i;kZoj.k vkSj ou ea=ky; dh flQkfj'kksa ds foijhr dk;Z fd;k gS && ;g lafo/kku ds vuq- 48d ds lkFk ifBr ou vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 41¼1½ }kjk ;Fkk ifjdfYir] çk—frd lalk/kuksa ds U;klh ds :i esa mlds lkafo/kkfud drZO; ds ?kksj R;tu dh dksfV esa vkrk gS && ;g n'kkZus ds fy, vfHkys[k ij dksbZ nLrkost ugha fd NwV fn, tkus ds 10 o"kZ i'pkr~ vkt fnukad dks Hkh lHkh 62&63 çtkfr;k¡ vfèkfu;e dh /kkjk 41¼3½ ds v/khu NwV dh vkiokfnd 'kfä ds ç;ksx ds ;ksX; gSa && vkf{kIr vf/klwpuk fnukad 24-9-2015 rFkk ckn esa tkjh dh xbZ vçSy] 2017 dh vf/klwpuk }kjk fd, x, la'kks/ku çdVr% euekus gksus ds dkj.k /kkjk 41¼1½] ¼2½ vkSj ¼3½ ds mica/kksa ds vf/kdkjkrhr gSa && nksuksa vf/klwpuk,¡ vfof/kekU; vkSj vfHk[kafMr fd, tkus ;ksX; vfHkfu/kkZfjrA ¼iSjk 106] 110] 111] 121&o ,oa 121&p<br>¼28½ ou vf/kfu;e] 1927 && /kkjk 41¼3½ && loZlk/kkj.k dh vksj ls çkÑfrd lalk/kuksa dk 'kk'or U;klh gksus ds dkj.k jkT; fdlh Hkh çtkfr ds ifjçs{; esa] mä çtkfr dks NwVçkIr oxZ esa cuk, j[kus ds iwoZ] NwV vf/klwpuk dk çoZru tkjh j[kus@cढ+kus@uoh—r djus dh vko';drk dh ijh{kk] iqufoZyksdu vkSj fu/kkZj.k de&ls&de çR;sd rhu o"kZ esa djus dks drO;kZc) gSA ¼iSjk 110] 121&j ,oa 121&ds<br>¼29½ Hkkjr dk lafo/kku && vuq-14 && fo/kku ;k v/khuLFk fo/kku rc vuq-14 ds v/khu çdVr% euekuk gksxk tc vf/kfu;eu çkf/kdkjh vuqfpr :i ls] rdZghurk ls] ijks{k gsrq ls ;k i;kZIr vo/kkjd fl)kar ds fcuk dk;Z djrk gS && tc dksbZ dk;Z vifjfer ;k vuuqikfrd jhfr esa] mica/kksa] ç;kstu rFkk ml mís'; ds çfrdwy fd;k tkrk gS ftlds fy, ewy vf/kfu;fefr }kjk og 'kfä çnÙk dh xbZ gS] rc og dk;Zikyd dkjZokbZ ;k v/khuLFk fo/kku çdVr% euekuk gks tkrk gS && çdV euekuh ds ,sls ijh{k.k dk vkJ; vuq- 14 ds v/khu fdlh fo/kku ;k lalnh;@jkT; vf/kfu;fefr dks vfof/kekU; Bgjkus ds fy, Hkh fy;k tk ldrk gSA ¼2016½ 7 ,llhlh 703 rFkk ¼2017½ 9 ,llhlh 1 vuqlfjrA ¼iSjk 112<br>¼30½ ckfryhdj.k && çHkko && vkf{kIr vf/klwpuk ds ckfryhdj.k ls iwoZ esa tkjh dh xbZ vf/klwpukvksa dh fof/kekU;rk Lor% gh iqu% çofrZr gks tk,xhA ¼iSjk 113<br>¼31½ ou vf/kfu;e] 1927 && /kkjk 41¼3½ && e-ç- vfHkogu ¼ouksit½ fu;e] 2000 && fu-3 && vkf{kIr vf/klwpuk fnukad 24-9-2015 rFkk i'pkRorhZ la'kks/kuksa dk ckfryhdj.k && çHkko && ;|fi vkn'kZr% vkf{kIr vf/klwpuk ds ckfryhdj.k ls iwoZ esa tkjh dh xbZ lu~ 2005 vkSj 2007 dh vf/klwpuk,¡ Lor% gh iqu% çofrZr gks tkuk pkfg,] rFkkfi bl U;k;ky; dks leqfpr ekeyksa esa vuqrks"k mikarfjr djus rFkk vafre vuqrks"kksa ds dkj.k gksus okys vU;k; ;k i;kZoj.k dh gkfu ls cpus ds fy, leqfpr funs'k tkjh djus dh 'kfä gS && vfHkfu/kkZfjr && jkT; ljdkj dks lu~ 2005 vkSj 2007 dh vf/klwpuk,¡ fu.kZ; ds fnukad ls 6 ekl dh vof/k rd çkLFkfxr j[k dj mUgsa ço`Ùk djus ls fucaZf/kr fd;k x;k && 6 ekl dh bl vofèk ds nkSjku] ;fn jkT; dk vk'k; çtkfr;ksa dh fdlh Hkh la[;k dh uohu NwV vfèklwpuk ykus dk gS rks og ;g irk yxkus ds fy, mPp 'kfä lfefr ls jkT;&okj v/;;u vkSj losZ{k.k djk,xk fd NwV nh tkus okyh dkSu&dkSu lh çtkfr;ksa dk vfLrRo jkT; ds LFkkuh; rFkk çknsf'kd ouksa esa lkjoku@egRoiw.kZ :i ls gS mPp 'kfä lfefr }kjk vuqla/kku vkSj losZ{k.k çfrosnu rS;kj fd, tkus ds i'pkr~ jkT; ljdkj ;k rks uohu NwV vf/klwpuk yk ldrh gS] ;k fQj iwoZ esa tkjh dh xbZ~ lu~ 2005 vkSj 2007 dh vf/klwpukvksa dk fØ;kUo;u] tSls mfpr le>s tk,¡ oSls mikarj.kksa ds lkFk] tkjh j[kus ij fopkj dj ldrh gS && ikfj.kkfed funs'k tkjh fd, x,A ¼iSjk 114 ls 116] 119] 121&,u] 121&D;w ,oa 123<br>¼32½ Hkkjr dk lafo/kku && vuq- 226 && vuqrks"k mikarfjr djus dh fjV U;k;ky; dh 'kfä && tgk¡ Hkh U;k;ky; }kjk varr% çnku fd, tkus okys vuqrks"kksa ds dkj.k vU;k; gksus ls jksdus ds fy, vko';d gks ogk¡ vuqrks"k mikarfjr fd;k tk ldrk gSA ¼iSjk 114 ,oa 121&vkj<br>¼33½ ou vf/kfu;e] 1927 && /kkjk 41¼3½ && e-ç- vfHkogu ¼ouksit½ fu;e] 2000 && fu-3 && de&ls&de çR;sd rhu o"kZ i'pkr~] ck/;dj ifjfLFkfr;ksa] vR;ko';drkvksa vkSj NwV@'kSfFkY; tkjh j[kus dh okaNuh;rk ds ckjs esa lek/kku ds vk/kkj ij o`{kksa vkSj ikS/kksa dh fdUgha çtkfr;ksa dh NwV vkSj 'kSfFkY; tkjh j[kus dh vko';drk dk le;≤ ij iqufoZyksdu vkSj fu/kkZj.k djuk jkT; ds fy, ck/;djA iSjk 120<br>¼34½ Hkkjr dk lafo/kku && vuq- 226 && ou vf/kfu;e] 1927 && /kkjk 41¼3½ && vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 41¼3½ ds v/khu NwV dh 'kfä lnSo U;kf;d iqufoZyksdu] i;kZIr lkexzh }kjk U;k;ksfpr Bgjk, tkus] vk¡dM+ksa] vuqla/kku] losZ{k.k vkSj vuqHkotU; v/;;u }kjk lefFkZr ck/;dj ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds v/;/khu gksrh gS && ;fn NwV dks U;k;ksfpr Bgjkus esa jkT; iwoZdfFkr fdlh ekunaM dks iwjk djus esa foQy jgrk gS rks NwV ls /kkjk 41¼3½ dk vfrØe.k gh ugha gksxk] cfYd ou vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 41¼1½ vkSj ¼2½ ds v/khu ;Fkk çnf'kZr lkekU; fl)karksa vkSj lalnh; vk'k; ls iru Hkh gksxkA ¼iSjk 121&,p<br>¼35½ Hkkjr dk lafo/kku && vuq- 226 && e/; çns'k mPp U;k;ky; fu;e] 2008 && fu- 8 rFkk 9 && funsZ'k dh lquokbZ djus okyh c`gÙkj U;k;ihB dh 'kfDr && lkekU;r%- c`gÙkj@iw.kZ U;k;ihB dk dk;Z fu"d"kZ vfHkfyf[kr djus vkSj vkxs U;k;fu.kZ;u ds fy, ekeyk ukefufnZ"V U;k;ihB dks okil çsf"kr djus ds lkFk lekIr gks tkrk gS && rFkkfi] fu;eksa esa dgha Hkh vuq- 226 ds v/khu mPp U;k;ky; dh] tgk¡ ,slk vfuok;Z le>k tk,] ^U;k;kuqlkj* ¼U;k; ds c`gÙkj fgr esa½ dk;Z djus dh varfuZfgr 'kfä dks ladqfpr ;k de ugha fd;k x;k gS && vlk/kkj.k ekeyksa esa funsZ'k dk mÙkj nsrs le; vlk/kkj.k ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa iw.kZ U;k; djus ds fy, funs'k tkjh djus dh çFkk iw.kZr% vKkr ugha && funs'k tkjh djuk] U;k;nku dh çfØ;k ds vko';d la?kVd ds :i esa vafre fu.kZ; nsus ls xq¡Fkk gqvk gSA ¼2014½ 2 ,llhlh 1] 2024 ,llhlh v‚uykbu ,llh 2880 rFkk ¼2024½5 ,llhlh 1 fufnZ"VA ¼iSjk 122 </font></p></h2>
<div>
<p align="justify">ORDER</p><p align="justify">Dharmadhikari, J -- 1. </p><p align="justify">A. BACKGROUND FACTS LEADING TO PRESENT REFERENCE TO FULL BENCH</p><p align="justify">1. The State of Madhya Pradesh, in exercise of powers available under Sec.41(3) issued the impugned Gazette notification on 24.9.2015, through which around initially 53 species of forest produce (used interchangeably for trees & plants) were exempted from the operation of the rigours of regulatory provisions under the Transit Rules. This notification initially comprised 53 species of forest produce, which included a large number of those species, which are stated to be present in abundance in the dense forests of Madhya Pradesh in various districts. Subsequently through another notification dated 11.4.2017, the aforesaid notification was amended to exclude another 9-10 species of forest produce from the rigours of Transit Rules.</p><p align="justify">2. A writ petition came to be instituted before the Indore Bench of this Court titled as ‘Anand v. State of M.P. and Ors.’ (W.P. No. 26802/ 2018), laying challenge to the impugned notification dated 24.9.2015 exempting 53 species. In the said writ petition, when the State failed to file a reply timely, this Court stayed the operation and effect of impugned notification dated 24.9.2015. Subsequently, however on application for modification instituted at the instance of certain parties (private paper mills), the aforesaid stay order was modified subsequently vide dated 14.8.2019, permitting the applicant paper mill company to transit the forest-produce required for production of the finished materials (paper and paper products) in the same fashion as it was being done earlier prior to the issuance of the impugned notification. </p><p align="justify">3. Subsequently in a separate writ petition instituted before the Principal seat of this Court (Vivek Kumar Sharma v. The State of Madhya Pradesh & Ors., WP No. 13864 of 2019), vide its order dated 12.4.2022, a similar challenge was laid to the impugned exemption notification. In view thereof vide its order dated 12.4.2022, writ petition pending before the Indore Bench was transferred to this Court, with the direction for analogous hearing of all the writ petitions. Resultantly before us are the following writ petitions for consideration, all of which revolve around the validity or interpretation of impugned notification dated 24.9.2015 : W.P. No. 26802/ 2018 (Anand v. State of M.P. and Ors.), W.P. No. 13864 of 2019 (Vivek Kumar Sharma v. The State of Madhya Pradesh & Ors.).</p><p align="justify">4. A Division Bench of this Court, presided by Hon'ble the then Chief Jus ice vide its order dated 4.12.2024 posted the present dispute for consideration before the larger Bench, in view of order dated 13.1.2016 passed by the Indore Bench of this Court in an earlier petition styled as WP No. 7491/ 2015, relying upon the orders and directions of the Hon’ble Supreme Court in T.N. Godavarman Thirumulpad v. Union Of India & Ors., <a href="./../judgement/00100001688"><a href="./../judgement/00100001688">AIR 1997 SC 1228</a></a>.</p><p align="justify">5. Pertinently in the aforesaid order dated 13.1.2016 passed by the Division Bench, the validity of impugned notification was never delved into nor adjudicated on merits. Thus the present reference is constituted squarely for determining the constitutionality and validity of the impugned notification dated 24.9.2015. The Court shall also examine the validity of amending notification issued subsequently to the impugned notification in April 2017, wherein 9 more species of trees/ forest produce were included over and above 53 species, taking the tally of exempted species to 62 species'. Though the amending notification of April 2017 has not been challenged, however since the original notification is assailed, it will torpedo the amending notification if quashed by this Court.</p><p align="justify"> <font face="K11">ßn'kdwilek okih n'kokihleks nà%A<br/> n'kànle% iq=ks n'kiq=leks nzqe% AA </font></p><p align="justify"> A pond equals ten wells, a reservoir equals ten ponds,</p><p align="justify"> A son equals ten reservoirs, and a tree equals ten sons !!!</p><p align="justify"> Extracted from Verse No. 512, Chapter 154 of Matsya Purana.</p><p align="justify"> A tree therefore is stated to give life to ten families.</p><p align="justify"> ***</p><p align="justify"> "The</p><p align="justify"></p><p align="justify"></p><p align="justify"></p><p align="justify"></p><p align="justify"></p><p align="justify"></p><p align="justify"></p><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none"><tr style="height: 26.7pt"><td style="width: 73.8pt; height: 26.7pt; border: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0in" valign="top" width="98"><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: 15.0pt; text-autospace: none; margin-top: .05in"><span style="font-size:13.0pt;color:black"></span></p></td><td style="width: 73.8pt; height: 26.7pt; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0in" valign="top" width="98"><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: 15.0pt; text-autospace: none; margin-top: .05in"><span style="font-size:13.0pt;color:black"></span></p></td><td style="width: 73.8pt; height: 26.7pt; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0in" valign="top" width="98"><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: 15.0pt; text-autospace: none; margin-top: .05in"><span style="font-size:13.0pt;color:black"></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="width: 73.8pt; border-left: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0in" valign="top" width="98"><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: 15.0pt; text-autospace: none; margin-top: .05in"><span style="font-size:13.0pt;color:black"></span></p></td><td style="width: 73.8pt; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0in" valign="top" width="98"><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: 15.0pt; text-autospace: none; margin-top: .05in"><span style="font-size:13.0pt;color:black"></span></p></td><td style="width: 73.8pt; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0in" valign="top" width="98"><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: 15.0pt; text-autospace: none; margin-top: .05in"><span style="font-size:13.0pt;color:black"></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="width: 73.8pt; border-left: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0in" valign="top" width="98"><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: 15.0pt; text-autospace: none; margin-top: .05in"><span style="font-size:13.0pt;color:black"></span></p></td><td style="width: 73.8pt; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0in" valign="top" width="98"><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: 15.0pt; text-autospace: none; margin-top: .05in"><span style="font-size:13.0pt;color:black"></span></p></td><td style="width: 73.8pt; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0in" valign="top" width="98"><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: 15.0pt; text-autospace: none; margin-top: .05in"><span style="font-size:13.0pt;color:black"></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="width: 73.8pt; border-left: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0in" valign="top" width="98"><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: 15.0pt; text-autospace: none; margin-top: .05in"><span style="font-size:13.0pt;color:black"></span></p></td><td style="width: 73.8pt; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0in" valign="top" width="98"><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: 15.0pt; text-autospace: none; margin-top: .05in"><span style="font-size:13.0pt;color:black"></span></p></td><td style="width: 73.8pt; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0in" valign="top" width="98"><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: 15.0pt; text-autospace: none; margin-top: .05in"><span style="font-size:13.0pt;color:black"></span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="width: 73.8pt; border-left: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0in" valign="top" width="98"><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: 15.0pt; text-autospace: none; margin-top: .05in"><span style="font-size:13.0pt;color:black"></span></p></td><td style="width: 73.8pt; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0in" valign="top" width="98"><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: 15.0pt; text-autospace: none; margin-top: .05in"><span style="font-size:13.0pt;color:black"></span></p></td><td style="width: 73.8pt; border-left: medium none; border-right: 1.0pt solid windowtext; border-top: medium none; border-bottom: 1.0pt solid windowtext; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0in" valign="top" width="98"><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: 15.0pt; text-autospace: none; margin-top: .05in"><span 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