Orissa Tenancy Act, 1913
(1) This Act may be called the Orissa Tenancy Act, 1913.
(2) It shall come into force on such date as the State Government, as the previous sanction of the Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, appoint in this behalf; and
(3) It shall extend to the districts of Cuttack, Puri and Balasore in the State of Orissa, except any area or part of an area which is constituted as a Municipality under the Bengal Municipal Act, 1884 (Bengal Act III of 1884), and which is specified in this behalf by notification issued by the State Government.
CASE LAWS :
Provisions under - Applicability of - Lessor and lessee - Relationship between the two in respect of land situated within the Cuttack Municipal area - Whether it is governed by the
The Orissa Tenancy Act, 1913, was enacted to regulate the rights and responsibilities of tenants and landlords in the state of Orissa, India. It aims to provide a framework for tenancy relations, ensuring protection for tenants while also recognizing the rights of landlords.
Section 1 of the Orissa Tenancy Act, 1913, outlines the short title, commencement, and local extent of the Act. It establishes that the Act may be cited as the "Orissa Tenancy Act, 1913" and specifies the areas to which it applies.
The scope of Section 1 is primarily administrative, setting the stage for the application of the entire Act. It defines the geographical and legal framework within which the provisions of the Act will operate.
Section 1 does not prescribe any punishments or penalties. It serves as an introductory clause to the Act, and any punitive measures would be found in subsequent sections dealing with specific offenses or violations.
The enactments specified in Schedule I are hereby repealed in the area to which this Act extends.
In this Act, unless there is something repugnant in the subject or context -
(1) "agricultural year" means the year commencing on the first day of Baisakh of the Oriya year;
Provided that the first agricultural year shall be deemed to commence on the first day of Baisakh following the date of the commencement of this Act;
(2) "bazyaftidar" means a person holding lands the title to hold which upon special terms was declared invalid by the Cuttack
Land Revenue Regulation, 1805 (XII of 1805), the Bengal Land Revenue Assessment (Resumed Lands) Regulation, 1819 (II of 1819) or the Bengal Revenue-free Lands Regulation, 1825 (XIV of 1825) and which have been assessed, in the course of a settlement of land-revenue, at a rent fixed for the term of that se
There shall be, for the purpose of this Act, the following classes of tenants, namely :
(1) tenure-holders, including under-tenure-holders,
(2) raiyats,
(3) under-raiyats, that is to say, tenants holding, whether immediately, or mediately, under raiyats, and
(4) chandnadars;
and the following classes of raiyats, namely;
(a) raiyats holding at fixed rates, which expression means raiyats holding either at a rent fixed in perpetuity or at a rate of rent fixed in perpetuity,
(b) occupancy-raiyats, that is to say, raiyats having a right of occupancy in the land held by them, and
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-(1) "Tenureholder' means primarily a person who has acquired from a proprietor, or from another tenure-holder, a right to hold land for the purpose of collecting rents or bringing it under cultivation by establishing 'tenants on it, and includes also the successor-in-interest of persons who have acquired such a right.
(2) "Raiyat" means primarily a person who has acquired a right to hold land for the purpose of cultivating it by himself, or by members of his family or by hired servants, or with the aid of partners, and includes also the successors-in-interest or persons who have acquired such a right.
Explanation - Where a tenant of land has the right to bring it under cultivation, he shall be deemed to have acquired a right to hold it for the purpose of cultivation, notwithstanding that he uses it for the purpose of gathering the pro
Notwithstanding anything hereinbefore contained -
(i) every bazyaftidar who is recorded in any record-of-rights finally published under Chapter XI or under any other law for the time being in force, as a bazyaftidar tenureholder, and his successors-in-interest, shall be deemed to be a tenure-holder, for all the purpose of this Act;
(ii) every bazyaftidar who is recorded in any such record-of-rights as a bazyaftidar raiyat, and his successors-in-interest, shall be deemed to be a raiyat for the purpose of this, Act; and
(iii) every sub-proprietor shall be deemed to be a tenure-holder for the purposes of Sections 14 to 20, 99, 100 and Chapter XVI, and to be a permanent tenure-holder for the purpose of Section 74.
CASE LAW :
Where a tenure in a permanently-settled area has been held from the time of the permanent settlement, its rent shall not be liable to enhancement, except on proof -
(a) that the landlord under whom it is held is entitled to enhance the rent thereof either by local custom or by the conditions under which the tenure is held, or
(b) that the tenure-holder, by receiving reductions of his rent, otherwise than on account of a diminution of the area of the tenure, has subjected himself to the payment of the increase demanded, and that the lands are capable of affording it.
(1) Where the rent of a tenure-holder is liable to enhancement, it may, subject to any contract between the parties, be enhanced up to the limit of the customary rate payable by persons holding similar tenures in the vicinity.
(2) Where no such customary rate exists, it may, subject as aforesaid, be enhanced up to such limit as the Court thinks fair and equitable.
(3) In determining what is fair and equitable, the Court shall not leave to the tenure-holder as profit less than ten per centum of the balance which remains after deducting from the gross rents payable to him the expenses of collecting them, and shall have regard to -
(a) the circumstances under which the tenure was created, for instance, whether the land comprised in the tenure, or a great portion of it, was first brought under c
The Court may, if it thinks that an immediate increase of rent would produce hardship, direct that the enhancement shall be gradual : that is to say, that the rent shall increase yearly by degrees, for any number of years not exceeding five, until the limit of the enhancement allowed has been reached.
When the rent of a tenure-holder has been enhanced by the Court or by contract, it shall not be again enhanced by the Court during the fifteen years next following the date on which it has been so enhanced.
A holder of a permanent tenure shall not be ejected by his landlord, except on the ground that he has broken a condition on breach of which he is, under the terms of a contract between him and his landlord, liable to be ejected :
Provided that where the contract is made after the commencement of this Act, the condition is consistent with the provisions of this Act.
Every permanent tenure shall, subject to the provisions of this Act, be capable of being transferred and bequeathed in the same manner and to the same extent as other immovable property.
CASE LAW :
Transfer and transmission of permanent tenure - 'Transfer' if includes partition of common property : ILR 1954 Ori. 204.
Nothing in Section 11 or in Section 12 shall affect the right of the landlord to resume of resumable tenure, or shall validate the transfer of a tenure or portion thereof which, by the terms upon which it is held or by local custom, is not transferable.
(1) In the case of every transfer of a tenure or portion of a tenure by succession shall pay him a fee amounting to rupee two, except in the case of a bazyaftidar when the fee shall be rupee one.
(2) If, in any such case, the landlord refuses to accept the requisite fee, the transferee or his heir may deposit such fee with the Collector, and, at the same time, apply for registration of the transfer. The Collector, after giving notice to the landlord to appear and be heard, shall decide whether the applicant is the successor or not; and, if satisfied that such applicant is the successor, he shall cause the fee to be delivered to the landlord in the prescribed manner, and shall, by an order in writing, declare that the transfer has been duly registered.
(3) If an application for the registration of the transfer of a tenure or portion the
(1) The following classes of tenure-holders are entitled to transfer their tenures or portions thereof by sale, gift or exchange without the consent of their landlords-
(a) Sub-proprietor other than sarbarakars,
(b) persons holding land which has been recorded at a settlement of land revenue as shikmi kharida or kharida jamanbandi, and
(c) bazyaftidars :
Provided that a fee of rupees five shall be paid to the landlord in respect of the registration of such tenure or portion, except in the case of a bazyaftidar, when the fee shall be rupees two.
(2) If, in any such case, the landlord refuses to accept the requisite fee, the transferee or his successor-in-interest may deposit such fee with Collector, and,
(1) In cases other than those covered by Sec. 15, when any tenure or portion of a tenure is transferred by sale, gift or exchange, the transferee or his successor-in-interest shall apply to the landlord to whom the rent of the tenure or portion thereof is payable for registration of the transfer, and the landlord shall, in the absence of good and sufficient reason to the contrary, allow the registration of the transfer. The fee payable on such transfer shall be-
(a) in the case of a sale, rupees twenty-five per centum of the consideration money or the fee specified in Clause (b) whichever is greater, and
(b) in the case of gift or exchange, a fee six times the annual rental of the tenure or portion thereof, as the case may be, or, if rent be not payable in respect of the tenure or portion, than a fee of rupees ten.
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No decision of the Collector under Sections 14, 15 or 16 shall be affect the right of the landlord or of the transferee to establish the transferability or otherwise of the tenancy by suit in the Civil Court.
The transfer of a portion of a tenure and the registration of the same under Sections 14, 15 or 16 shall not be deemed to constitute a division of tenure unless such portion is defined by metes and bounds.
The transferee of such a portion of tenure which is not defined by metes and bounds and the holder of the remander of such a tenure shall be jointly and severally liable to the landlord for the rent of the entire tenure, unless the landlord has consented in the manner specified in Section 99 to a division of tenure or to a distribution of rent thereof.
An application to the Collector under Sections 14, 15 or 16 shall be accompanied by such fee, in addition to the fee payable to the landlord, as the State Government may, by rules direct.
If an application under Section 14 or 16 be disallowed, the Collector shall return the landlord's to the applicant.
(1) A raiyat holding at a rent, or rate of rent, fixed in perpetuity -
(a) shall be subject to the same provisions with respect to the transfer of, and succession to, his holding as the holder of a permanent tenure, and
(b) shall not be ejected by his landlord, except on the ground that he has broken a condition consistent with this Act, and on breach of which he is, under the terms of a contract between him and his landlord, liable to be ejected.
(2) Nothing in this section shall affect the right of the landlord to resume a resumable holding, or validate the transfer of a holding or portion thereof which, by the terms upon which it is held or by local custom, is not transferable.
Every raiyat who immediately before the commencement of this Act has, by the operation of any enactment, by custom or otherwise, a right of occupancy in any land, shall, when this Act comes into force, have a right of occupancy in that land.
(2) The exclusion from the operation of this Act, by a notification under Sub-section (3) of Section 1, of any area or part of an area which is a Municipality constituted under the Bengal Municipal Act, 1884 (Bengal Act III of 1884) shall not affect any right, obligation or liability previously acquired, incurred or accrued in reference to such area or part.
(1) Every person who, for a period of twelve years whether wholly or partly before or after the commencement of this Act, has continuously held as a raiyat land situate in any village, whether under a lease or otherwise, shall be deemed to have become, on the expiration of that period, a settled raiyat of that village.
(2) A person shall be deemed, for the purposes of this Section, to have continuously held land in a village, notwithstanding that the particular land held by him has been different at different times.
(3) A person shall be deemed, for the purpose of this Section, to have held as a raiyat any land held as a raiyat by person whose heir he is.
(4) Land held by two or more co-sharers as a raiyati holding shall be deemed, for the purpose of this Section, to have been held as a rai
(1) Every person who is a settled raiyat of a village within the meaning of Section 23 shall have a right of occupancy in all land for the time being held by him as a raiyat in that village.
(2) Every person who, being a settled raiyat of a village within the meaning of Section 23 held land as a raiyat in that village at any time between the tenth day of September, 1891 and the commencement of this Act, shall be deemed to have acquired a right of occupancy in that land under the law then in force; but nothing in the sub-section shall effect any decree or order passed by a Court before the commencement of this Act.
Section 24 of the Orissa Tenancy Act, 1913, is a pivotal provision that deals with the rights of settled raiyats (tenants) to acquire occupancy rights through long-standing possession or prescription. It aims to protect the interests of tenants who have been in continuous possession and to formalize their rights over land, especially in cases where formal title documents may be absent or disputed.
Section 24 provides that every person who is a settled raiyat of a village shall have a right to occupancy in the land he cultivates, provided he has been in continuous and adverse possession for more than 12 years. It also grants occupancy rights to those who have acquired such rights through prescription, based on long, uninterrupted, and hostile possession.
Section 24 applies to:- Settled raiyats who have been in possession for more than 12 years.- Persons claiming occupancy rights through adverse possession, even if no formal lease or title exists.- Cases involving long-standing possession that has become hostile, leading to the acquisition of occupancy rights by prescription.- It also emphasizes the importance of proof of hostile, continuous possession for establishing occupancy rights.
Section 24 itself does not prescribe any punishment. Instead, it confers rights upon qualifying tenants or possessors. Violations or disputes under this section are typically resolved through civil suits, and penalties or remedies are determined by the courts based on the facts of each case.
In summary, Section 24 of the Orissa Tenancy Act, 1913, plays a crucial role in protecting tenants and possessors by recognizing long-standing adverse possession as a basis for occupancy rights, thereby balancing the interests of landholders and cultivators.
Note: All references are based on the provided sources and case law summaries.
(1) Every raiyat who, for a period of twelve years, whether wholly or partly before or after the commencement of this Act, has continuously held as a raiyat land situate in an area which is not included in a village as defined in Clause (25) of Section 3, shall be deemed to have become an occupancy-raiyat in respect of that land.
(2) The holding of the father or other person from whom a raiyat inherits shall be deemed to be the holding of the raiyat within the meaning of this section.
(3) Nothing contained in Sub-section (1) of Sub-section (2) shall be held to affect the terms of any written contract for the cultivation of land in the aforesaid area, entered into between a land-holder and a raiyat, when it contains any express stipulation contrary thereto.
(1) When the immediate landlord of an occupancy-holding is a proprietor or permanent tenure-holder, and the entire interests of the landlord and the raiyat in the holding become united in the same person by transfer succession or otherwise, such person shall have no right to hold the land as a tenant but shall hold it as a proprietor or permanent tenure-holder (as the case may be); but nothing in this sub-section shall prejudicially affect the rights of any third person.
(2) If the occupancy-right in land is transferred to a person jointly interested in the land as proprietor or permanent tenure-holder, such person shall have no right to hold the land as a raiyat shall hold it as a proprietor or permanent tenure-holder, as the case may be, and shall pay to his co-sharers a fair and equitable sum for the use and occupation of the same.
When a raiyat has a right of occupancy in respect of any land, he may use the land in any manner which does not materially impair the value of the land or render it unfit for the purpose of the tenancy.
Notwithstanding anything contained in Section 27 when a raiyat has a right of occupancy in respect of any land he shall be entitled :
(i) to plant;
(ii) to enjoy the flowers, fruits and other products of;
(iii) to fell; and
(iv) to utilise or dispose of the timber of,
any tree on such land, and any such act shall not render him liable to ejectment under Section 29 of this Act;
Provided that where there is a specific entry in favour of the landlord in the last record-of-rights published before the commencement of the Orissa Tenancy (Amendment) Act, 1958, regarding any tree now standing on any occupancy holding the right of the landlord in such tree shall be in
An occupancy raiyat shall pay rent for his holding at fair equitable rates.
An occupancy raiyat shall not be ejected by his landlord from his holding except in execution of a decree for ejectment passed on the ground-
(a) that he has used the land comprised in his holding in a manner which renders it unfit for the purpose of the tenancy; or
(b) that he has broken a condition consistent with the provisions of this Act, and on breach of which he is under the terms of a contract between himself and his landlord liable to be ejected.
If a raiyat dies intestate in respect of a right of occupancy, it shall, subject to any custom to the contrary, descend in the same manner as other immovable property:
Provided that in any case in which, under the law of inheritance to which the raiyat is subject, his other property goes to the Government, his right of occupancy shall be extinguished.
(1) The occupancy holding of a raiyat, or a portion or share thereof shall be transferable, by sale, exchange, gift or bequest without the landlord's consent and without payment of any fee to him. Such transfer shall carry with it the occupancy right in the holding appurtenant thereto.
(2) An occupancy raiyat may sub-let or mortgage his holding or a portion or share thereof without his landlord's consent.
(1) Every transfer of an occupancy holding or a portion or share thereof whether by sale, exchange or gift shall be made by registered instrument except in the case of a sale in execution of a decree or of a certificate signed under the Bihar and Orissa Public Demands Recovery Act, 1914 (B. & O. Act IV of 1914):
Provided that the State Government may exclude, from the operation of this sub-section, any class of transfer of occupancy holdings in any Government estate of which rent is payable of this Section in such estates and prescribe fines or penalties for the infringement of such rules :
Provided further that nothing in this Section shall be deemed to affect the provisions of the Mohammedan Law relating to gift, and in such cases of transfer the rules made under the first proviso shall have effect.
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(1) In the case of a transfer of a portion or share of an occupancy holding by sale, exchange, gift or bequest which is not defined by metes and bounds, the transferee and the persons possessing interest in the remainder of the holding shall be considered as joint tenants by the landlord.
(2) In case the transfer is by sale, exchange, gift or bequest and is of a portion of an occupancy holding and the portion is defined by metes and bounds the landlord shall be deemed to agree to the division of land and the distribution of rent as set forth in the notice referred to in Section 31 unless within six months of the date of service of notice, an application is filed by him to the Collector for a just and equitable distribution of rent. The collector shall, on such application by the landlord or by any other person within such period, hold an enquiry in the prescribed manner and order
(1) Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act, any transferee who obtained a transfer of an occupancy holding or a portion or a share thereof, before the commencement of the Orissa Tenancy (Amendment) Act, 1938, shall be liable to pay the fees lawfully payable by him at the time of the transfer, within four years from the coming into force of that Act or the date of the landlord's knowledge of the transfer whichever is later but he shall not be liable to ejectment on the ground that the landlord has not given his consent to the transfer.
(2) The holding or a portion or a share thereof shall not be liable to be sold in satisfaction of the decree for arrears of rent without making the said transferee a party to the proceedings in execution of the decree; provided that the transferee has given notice of transfer by registered post to the landlord.
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The rent for the time being payable by an occupancy raiyat shall be presumed to be fair and equitable until the contrary is proved.
Where an occupancy raiyat pays his rent in money, his rent shall not be enhanced, except as provided by this Act.
The money-rent of an occupancy raiyat may be enhanced by contract, subject to the following conditions:
(a) the contract must be in writing and registered;
(b) the rent must not be enhanced so as to exceed by more than two annas in the rupee the rent previously payable by the raiyat;
(c) the rent fixed by the contract shall not be liable to enhancement during a term of fifteen years from the date of the contract :
Provided as follows :
(i) Nothing in Clause (a) shall prevent a landlord from recovering rent at the rate at which it has been actually paid for a continuous period of not less than three years immediately preceding the period for which the rent is claimed :
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The landlord of a holding held at a money-rent by an occupancy-raiyat may, subject to the provisions of this Act, institute a suit to enhance the rent on one or more of the following grounds, namely:
(a) that the rate of rent paid by the raiyat is below the prevailing rate paid by occupancy-raiyats for land of a similar description and with similar advantages in the same villager in neighbouring villages, and that there is no sufficient reason for his holding at so low a rate;
(b) that there has been a rise in the average local prices of staple food-crops during the currency of the present rent;
(c) that the productive powers of the land held by the raiyat have been increased by an improvement effected by, or at the expense of, the landlord during the currency of the present rent;
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Where an enhancement is claimed on the ground that the rate of rent paid is below the prevailing rate -
(a) in determining what is the prevailing rate, the Court shall have regard to the rates generally paid during a period of not less than three years before the institution of the suit, and shall not decree an enhancement unless there is a substantial different between the rate paid by the raiyat and the prevailing rate fund by the Court;
(b) if, in the opinion of the Court, the prevailing rate of rent cannot be satisfactorily ascertained without a local inquiry, the Court may direct that a local inquiry be held under Order XXVI in the first Schedule to the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (V of 1908) by such Revenue Officer as the State Government may authorise in that behalf by rules made under Rule 9 in the said Order;
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In any district or part of a district to which this section is extended by the State Government by notification in the official Gazette, whenever the prevailing rate for any class of land is to be ascertained under Section 35, Clause (a), by an examination of the rates at which lands of a similar description and with similar advantages are held within any village or villages, the highest of such rates at which, and at rates higher than that which the larger portion of those lands is held may be taken to be the prevailing rate.
Illustration :
(a) The rates at which land of a similar description and with similar advantages is held in a village are as follows :
Acres @ Rs. A. P.
100 " 1 0 0
200 " 1
When the prevailing rate has once been determined by a Revenue Officer under Chapter XI or by a Revenue Court in any suit under this Act, it shall not be liable to enhancement save on the ground and to the extent specified in Section 35, Clause (b) and Section 39.
Where an enhancement is claimed on the ground of a rise in prices -
(a) the Court shall compare the average prices during the decennial period immediately preceding the institution of the suit with the average prices during such other decennial period as it may appear-equitable and practicable to take for comparison;
(b) the enhanced rent shall bear to the previous rent the same proportion as the average prices during the last decennial period bear to the average prices during the previous decennial period taken for purposes of comparison:
Provided that in calculating this proportion, the average prices during the later period shall be reduced by one-third of their excess over the average prices during the earlier period;
(c) if, in the opinion of
(1) Where an enhancement is claimed on the ground of a landlord's improvement-
(a) the Court shall not grant an enhancement, unless the improvement has been registered in accordance with this Act;
(b) in determining the amount of enhancement, the Court shall have regard to -
(i) the increase in the productive powers of the land caused or likely to be caused by the improvement;
(ii) the cost of the improvement;
(iii) the cost of the cultivation required for utilising the improvement, and
(iv) the existing rent, and the ability of the land to bear a higher rent.
(2) A decree under this Section shall, on the applicatio
Where an enhancement is claimed on the ground of an increase in productive powers due to fluvial action-
(a) the Court shall not take into account any increase which is merely temporary or casual;
(b) the Court may enhance the rent to such an amount as it may deem fair and equitable, but not so as to give the landlord more than one-half of the value of the net increase in the produce of the land.
Notwithstanding anything in the foregoing sections, the Court shall not in any case decree any enhancement which is under the circumstances of the case unfair or inequitable.
If the Court passing a decree for enhancement considers that the immediate enforcement of the decree in its full extent will be attended with hardship to the raiyat, it may direct that the enhancement shall be gradual; that is to say, that the rent shall increase yearly by degrees for any number of years not exceeding give until the limit of the enhancement decree has been reached.
(1) A suit instituted for the enhancement of the rent of a holding on the ground that the rate of rent paid is below the prevailing rate, or on the ground of a rise in prices, shall not be entertained if within the fifteen years next preceding its institution the rent of the holding has been enhanced by a contract made after the tenth day of September, 1891, or if within the said period of fifteen years the rent has been commuted under Section 47 or a decree has been passed under this Act or any enactment repealed by this Act enhancing the rent on either of the grounds aforesaid or on any ground corresponding thereto or dismissing the suit on the merits.
(2) Nothing in this Section shall affect the provisions of Rule 1 in Order XXIII in the first Schedule to the Code of Civil Procedure 1908 (V of 1908).
(1) An occupancy-raiyat holding at a money-rent may institute a suit for the reduction of his rent on the following grounds, and, except as hereinafter provided in the case of a diminution of the area of the holding, not otherwise, namely :
(a) on the ground that the soil of the holding has, without the fault of the raiyat, become permanently deteriorated by a deposit of and or other specific cause, sudden or gradual, or
(b) on the ground that there has been a fall, not due to a temporary cause, in the average local places of staple food-crops during the currency of the present rent.
(2) In any suit instituted under this Section, the Court may direct such reduction of the rent as it thinks fair and equitable.
(1) The Collector of every district shall prepare, monthly or at shorter intervals, periodical lists of the market-prices of staple food-crops grown in such local areas as the State Government may direct, and shall submit them to the Board of Revenue for approval or revision.
(2) The Collector may, if so directed by the State Government prepare for any local area like price-lists releasing to such past times as the State Government thinks fit, and shall submit the lists so prepared to the Board of Revenue for approval or revision.
(3) The Collector shall, one month before submitting a price list to the Board of Revenue under this section, publish in the prescribed manner within the local area to which it relates; and if any landlord or tenant of land within the local area, within the said period of one month, presents to him in writing
(1) Where an occupancy raiyat pays for a holding rent in kind, or on the estimated value of a portion of the crop, or at rates varying with the crop, or partly in one of those ways and partly in another, or partly in any of those ways and partly in cash, either the raiyat or his landlord may apply to have the rent commuted to a money-rent.
(2) The application may be made to -
(i) the Collector or Sub-divisional Officer, or
(ii) a Revenue officer appointed by the State Government under the designation of Settlement Officer or Assistant Settlement Officer, for the purpose of making a survey and record-of-rights under Chapter XI, or
(iii) any other officer specially authorised in this behalf by the Board of Revenue.
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(1) Where the rent of a holding has been commuted under Section 47, it shall not, except on the ground of a landlord's improvement or of a subsequent alteration of the area of the holding, be enhanced for fifteen years; nor shall it be reduced for fifteen years, save on the ground of alteration in the area of the holding, or on the ground specified in Clause (a) of Sub-section (1) of Section 45.
(2) The said period of fifteen years shall be counted from the date on which the order takes effect under Sub-section (5) of Section 47.
This Chapter shall apply to raiyats not having a right of occupancy, who are in this Act referred to as non-occupancy raiyats.
When a non-occupancy raiyat is admitted to the occupation of land, he shall become liable to pay such rent as may be regard on between himself and his landlord at the time of his admission.
The rent of a non-occupancy raiyat shall not be enhanced except by registered agreement or by agreement under Section 53 :
Provided that nothing in this Section shall prevent a landlord from recovering rent at the rate at which it has been actually paid for a continuous period of not less than three years immediately preceding the period for which the rent is claimed.
A non-occupancy raiyat shall, subject to the provisions of this Act, be liable to ejectment on one or more of the following grounds, and not otherwise, namely:
(a) on the ground that he has failed to pay an arrear of rent;
(b) on the ground that he has used the land in a manner which renders it unfit for the purposes of the tenancy, or that he has broken a condition consistent with this Act and on breach of which he is, under the terms of a contract between himself and his landlord, liable to be ejected;
(c) where he has been admitted to occupation of the land under a registered lease, on the ground that the term of the lease has expired;
(d) on the ground that he has refused to agree to pay a fair and equitable rent determined under Section 53, or
(1) A suit for ejectment on the ground of refusal to agree to an enhancement of rent shall not be instituted against a non-occupancy raiyat unless the landlord has tendered to the raiyat an agreement to pay the enhanced rent, and the raiyat has within three months before the institution of the suit refused to execute the agreement.
(2) A landlord desiring to tender an agreement to a raiyat under this Section may file it in the office of such Court or officer as the State Government appoints in this behalf, for service on the raiyat. The Court or officer shall forthwith cause it to be served on the raiyat in the prescribed manner; and, when it has been so served, it shall, for the purposes of this Section, be deemed to have been tendered.
(3) If a raiyat on whom an agreement has been served under Sub-section (2) executes it, and within
Where a raiyat has been in occupation of land, and a least is executed with a view to continuance of his occupation, he is not to be deemed to be admitted to occupation by that lease for the purpose of this Chapter, notwithstanding that the lease may purport to admit him to occupation.
Notwithstanding anything contained in Chapter V, a right of occupancy shall not be acquired in, nor shall anything contained in Chapter VI apply to -
(a) a proprietor's private lands, when they are held by a tenant on a lease for a term of years or on a lease from a year to year;
(b) land acquired under the Land Acquisition Act 1894 (I of 1894), for any Government or any Local Authority or Railway Company, or land belonging to the Government within a cantonment, while such land remains the property of the Government or of any Local Authority or Railway Company, or
(c) land recorded or demarcated as belonging to the Government or to any Local Authority which is used for any public work, such as a road, canal or embankment, or is required for the repair or maintenance of the same, while such lan
The landlord of an under-raiyat holding at a money-rent shall not be entitled to recover rent exceeding the rent which he himself pays by more than the following percentage of the same, namely:
(a) when the rent payable by the under-raiyat is payable under registered lease or agreement - fifty percent; and
(b) in any other case - twenty - five per cent;
Provided that, if the landlord be a bazyaftidar, the said percentages shall be calculated with reference to the average of cash rent which is paid by occupancy-raiyats for similar land in the village, and not with reference to the rent which the bazyaftidar himself pays.
CASE LAWS :
Object of - "Under raiyati" - Meaning explained - Right not transferabl
An under-raiyati shall not be liable to be ejected by his landlord, except -
(a) on the expiration of the term of a written lease; or
(b) when holding otherwise than under a written lease, at the end of the agricultural year within which a notice to quit has been served upon him by his landlord; provided that such notice has been served upon him not less than six months before the end of the year.
CASE LAW :
Restriction on ejectment of under raiyats - Sikimi tenants being under raiyats, such right is neither heritable nor transferable - Successors of the tenant cannot claim title and bring any suit for eviction : 2003 (Supp.) OLR (NOC) 919.
(1) Where a tenure-holder or raiyat in a permanently settled area, and his predecessors-in-interest, have held at a rent or rate of rent which has not been changed from the time of the permanent settlement, the rent or rate of rent shall not be liable to be increased except on the ground of an alternation in the area of the tenure or holding.
(2) If it is proved in any suit or other proceeding under this Act or under any other law that either a tenure-holder or raiyat and his predecessors-in-interest have held land situated in a permanently settled area at a rent or rate of rent which has not been changed during the twenty years immediately before the institution of the suit or proceeding, it shall be presumed, until the contrary is shown, that they have held at that rent or rate of rent from the time of the permanent settlement:
Provi
If a question arises as to the amount of a tenant's rent or the conditions under which he holds in any agricultural year, he shall be presumed, until the contrary is shown, to hold at the same rent and under the same conditions as in the last preceding agricultural year.
(1) Every tenant shall -
(a) be liable to pay additional rent for all land proved by measurement to be in excess of the area for which rent has been previously paid by him, unless it is proved that the excess is due to the addition to the tenure or holding of land which, having previously belonged to the tenure or holding, was lost by diluvion or otherwise without any reduction of the rent being made; and
(b) be entitled to a reduction of rent in respect of any deficiency proved by measurement to exist in the area of his tenure or holding as compared with the area for which rent has been previously paid by him, unless it is proved that the deficiency is due to the loss of land which was added to the area of the tenure or holding by alluvion or otherwise, and that an addition has not been made to the rent in respect of the addition to the
(1) No waste land may be reclaimed by a raiyat without the written consent of his landlord except where the land was, before such reclamation, included in the tenancy of the raiyat and he has acquired a right of occupancy in it.
(2) Where the consent of the landlord is required by Sub-section (1) for the reclamation of waste land, such consent shall be deemed to have been given if, within four years from the date on which the raiyat commenced his reclamation of the land, the landlord has not made an application to the Collector for his ejectment :
Provided that this Sub-section shall not apply to waste land which is not included in a village as defined in Clause (25) of Section 3.
(3) Waste land which has been reclaimed under Sub-section (1) or Sub-section (2) shall be assessable to rent ac
(1) Subject to agreement or established usage, a money-rent payable by a tenant shall be paid in two equal instalments falling due on the last day of each half of the agricultural year.
(2) Subject to agreement or established usage, a produce-rent payable by a tenant shall be payable at the time of harvest, and shall be deemed to have fallen due on the last day of the Oriya month during which the crop is harvested.
(1) Every tenant shall pay each instalment of rent before sunset of the day on which it falls due.
(2) The payment shall, except in cases where a tenant is allowed under this Act to deposit his rent, be made at the landlord's village office, or at such other convenient place as may be appointed in that behalf by the landlord:
Provided that the State Government may make rules, either generally or for any specified area, authorising a tenant to pay his rent by postal money-order.
(3) Any instalment or part of an instalment of rent not duly paid at or before the time when it falls due shall be deemed an arrear.
(1) When a tenant makes a payment on account of rent, he may declare the year or the year and instalment to which he wishes the payment to be credited, and the payment shall be credited accordingly.
(2) If he does not make any such declaration, the payment may be credited to the account of such year and instalment as the landlord thinks fit.
(1) Every tenant who makes a payment on account of rent to his landlord shall be entitled to obtain forthwith from the landlord a written receipt for the amount paid by him, signed by the landlord.
(2) The landlord shall prepare and retain a counterfoil of the receipts.
(3) The receipt and counterfoil shall specify such of the several particulars shown in the form of receipt given in Schedule II as can be specified by the landlord at the time of payment :
Provided that the Board of Revenue may prescribe or sanction a modified form, either generally or for any particular local area or class of cases.
(4) If a receipt does not contain substantially the particulars required by this Section, it shall be presumed, until the contrary is shown, to be a
(1) Where a landlord admits that all rent payable by a tenant to the end of the agricultural year has been paid, the tenant shall be entitled to receive from the landlord, free of charge, within three months after the end of the year, a receipt in full discharge of all rent falling due to the end of the year, signed by the landlord.
(2) Where the landlord does not so admit, the tenant shall be entitled, on paying a fee of four annas, to receive, within three months after the end of the year, a statement of account specifying the several particulars shown in the form of account given in Schedule II or in such other form as may be prescribed by the Board of Revenue, either generally or for any particular local area or class of cases.
(3) The landlord shall prepare and retain a copy of the statement containing similar particulars.
(1) If a landlord, without reasonable cause, refuses or neglects to deliver to a tenant a receipt, containing the particulars prescribed by Section 65, for any rent paid by the tenant, the tenant may, within three months from the date of payment, institute a suit to recover from him such penalty, not exceeding the amount or value of that rent, as the Court thinks fit.
(2) If a landlord, without reasonable cause, refuses or neglects to deliver to a tenant demanding the same either the receipt in full discharge or, if the tenant is not entitled to such a receipt, the statement of account for any year prescribed in Section 66, the tenant may, within the next ensuing agricultural year, institute a suit to recover him such penalty as the Court thinks fit, not exceeding double the aggregate amount or value of all rent paid by the tenant to the landlord during the year for which the rece
(1) The State Government shall cause to be prepared and kept for sale to landlords at all sub-divisional offices forms of receipts, with counterfoils, and of statements of account, suitable for use under the foregoing sections.
(2) The forms may be sold in books with the leaves consecutively numbered or otherwise as the State Government thinks fit.
Where rent is due to the proprietor, manager, or mortgagee of an estate, the receipt of the person registered under the Land Registration Act, 1876 (Ben. Act VII of 1876) as proprietor, manager or mortgagee of that estate;
and where rent is due to a Sub-proprietor or tenure-holder, the receipt of the person who is -
(a) registered under Sections 14, 15 or 16, or under any law previously in force, as sub-proprietor or tenure-holder; or
(b) recorded as sub-proprietor or tenure-holder in a record-of-rights finally published under Chapter XI or under some other law for the time being in force.
or the receipt of the duly authorised agent of any such person as aforesaid,
shall be a sufficient discharge for t
(1) In any of the following cases, namely :
(a) when a tenant tenders money on account of rent and the landlord refuses to receive it or refuses to grant a receipt for it;
(b) when a tenant bound to pay money on account of rent has reason to believe, owing to a tender having been refused or a receipt withheld on a previous occasion, that the person to whom his rent is payable will not be willing to receive it and to grant him a receipt for it;
(c) when the rent is payable to co-sharers jointly, and the tenant is unable to obtain the joint receipt of the co-sharers for the money and no person has been empowered to receive the rent on their behalf; or
(d) when the tenant entertains a bona fide doubt as to who is entitled to receive the rent;
(1) If it appears to the Court to which an application is made under Section 70 that the applicant is entitled under that Section to deposit the rent, it shall receive the rent and give a receipt for it in the prescribed form.
(2) A receipt given under this Section shall operate as an acquittance for the amount of the rent payable by the tenant and deposited as aforesaid, in the same manner and to the same extent as if that amount of rent hid been received -
in cases (a) and (b) of Section 70, by the person specified in the application as the person to whose credit the deposit was to be entered;
in case (c) of that Section, by the co-sharers to whom the rent is due; and
in case (d) of that Section, by the person entitled to the rent.
(1) The Court receiving the deposit shall forthwith -
in cases (a) and (b) of Section 70, cause a notice of the receipt of the deposit to be served, free of charge, on the person specified in the application as the person to whose credit the deposit was to be entered;
in case (c) of that Section, cause a notice of the receipt of the deposit to be posted at the landlord's village-office or in some conspicuous place in the village in which the holding is situate; and
in case (d) of that Section, cause a like notice to be served free of charge, on every person, who it has reason to believe claims or is entitled to the deposit.
(2) Notices to be served under this Section may, at the discretion of the Court, be served by registered post.
(1) The Court may pay the amount of the deposit to any person appearing to it to be entitled to the same, or may, if it thinks fit, retain the amount pending the decision of a Revenue Court as to the person so entitled.
(2) The payment may, if the State Government so directs be made by postal money-order.
(3) If no payment is made under this Section before the expiration of three years from the date on which a deposit is made, the amount deposited may, in the absence of any order of a Revenue Court to the contrary, be repaid to the depositor upon his application and on his returning the receipt given by the Court with which the rent was deposited.
(4) No suit or other proceeding shall be instituted against the Government or against any officer of the Government, in respect of anything done
Where a tenant is a permanent tenure-holder, a bazyaftidar, a raiyat holding at fixed rates, a chandnadar or an occupancy-raiyat, he shall not be liable to ejectment for arrears of rent, but his tenure of holding shall be liable to sale in execution of a decree for the rent thereof, and the rent shall be a first charge thereon.
CASE LAW :
Liability to sale for arrears in case of a permanent tenure-holder - Rent decree purchaser who has a priority in respect of the rent charge is not in the same position like that of a purchaser in execution of a decree obtained at first mortgage of property-Effect : AIR 1952 Ori. 64.
(1) When an arrear of rent remains due at the end of the agricultural year from a tenant not being a permanent tenure-holder, bazyaftidar, a raiyat holding at fixed rates, a chandnadar or an occupancy-raiyat, the landlord may, whether he has obtained a decree for the recovery of the arrear or not, and whether he is entitled by the terms of any contract to eject the tenant for arrears or not, institute a suit to eject the tenant.
(2) In a suit for ejectment for an arrear of rent, a decree passed in favour of the plaintiff shall specify the amount of the arrear and of the interest (if any) due thereon; and the decree shall not be executed if that amount and the costs of the suit are paid into Court within fifteen days from the date of the decree, or when the Court is closed on the fifteenth day, on the day upon which the Court re-opens.
An arrear of money rent shall bear simple interest at the rate of six per centum per annum, from the expiration of that half of the agricultural year in which the instalment falls due to the date of payment or of the institution of the suit, whichever date is earlier.
(1) If, in any suit brought for the recovery of arrears of rent it appears to the Court that the defendant has, without reasonable or probable cause, neglected or refused to pay the amount of rent due by him, the Court may award to the plaintiff, in addition the amount decreed for rent and costs, such damages, not exceeding twenty-five per centum on the amount of rent decreed, as it thinks fit :
Provided that -
(i) interest shall not be decreed when damages are awarded under this Section; and
(ii) the amount of damages awarded shall in no case be less than the amount of interest recoverable under Section 76.
(2) If, in any suit brought for the recovery of arrears of rent, it appears to the Court that the plaintiff has instituted the suit without r
(1) Where the rent of any land is paid in kind, or on the estimated value of a portion of the crop, or at rates varying with the crop, or partly in one of those ways and partly in another, or partly in any of those ways and partly in cash, the landlord shall not be entitled to recover rent for that land in excess of half the gross produce of the land, or the value thereof, or any interest on such rent, or to recover any arrear of such rent by suit, unless such suit is instituted before the end of the agricultural year next following that for which the rent is claimed to be due.
Explanation - In applying the provisions of this Sub-section, the Court shall estimate the value of the produce according to the rates obtaining locally at the time of harvest.
(2) Nothing in this Section shall bar a suit for an arrear of rent recoverable under
(1) Where rent is taken by appraisement or division of the produce or is a fixed quantity of the produce -
(a) if either the landlord or the tenant neglects to attend, either personally or by agent, at the proper time for making the appraisement or division, or
(b) if there is dispute about the quantity, value or division of the produce,
the Collector may, on the application of either party, and on his depositing such sum on account of expenses as the Collector may require, make an order appointing such officer as he thinks fit to appraise or divide the produce.
(2) The Collector may, without such an application, make the like order in any case where, in the opinion of the District or Sub-divisional Magistrate, the making of the order would be like
(1) When a Collector appoints an officer under Section 79 the Collector may, in his discretion, direct the officer to associate with himself any other persons as assessors, and may give him instructions regarding the number, qualifications and mode of selection of those assessors (if any), and the procedure to be followed in making the appraisement or division; and the officer shall conform to the instructions so given.
(2) The officer shall, before making an appraisement or division, give notice to the landlord and tenant of the time and place at which the appraisement or division will be made; but if either the landlord or the tenant fails to attend, either personally or by agent, he may proceed ex parte.
(3) When the officer has made the appraisement or division, he shall submit a report of his proceedings to the Collector.
(1) Where rent is taken by appraisement of the produce, the tenant shall be entitled to the exclusive possession of the produce.
(2) Where rent is taken by division of the produce, the tenant shall be entitled to the exclusive possession of the whole produce until it is divided, but shall not be entitled to remove any portion of the produce from the threshing floor at such a time or in such a manner as to prevent the due division thereof at the proper time.
(3) In either case the tenant shall be entitled to cut and harvest the produce in due course of husbandry without any interference on the part of the landlord.
(4) If the tenant removes any portion of the produce at such a time or in such a manner as to prevent the due appraisement of division thereof at the proper time, the produce shal
(1) A tenant shall not, when his landlord's interest is transferred, be liable to the transferee for rent which became due after the transfer and was paid in good faith to the landlord whose interest was so transferred, unless the transferee has, before the payment, given notice of the transfer to the tenant.
(2) Where there is more than one tenant paying rent to the landlord whose interest is transferred a general notice from the transferee to tenants, published in the prescribed manner, shall be a sufficient notice for the purpose of this Section.
When an occupancy holding or a portion or share, thereof is transferred and arrears of rent have accrued thereon prior to the date of the transfer, the transferor and the transferee shall be jointly and severally liable to the landlord for such arrears of rent which shall be a first charge on the holding.
CASE LAW :
Liability for arrears of rent in case of transfer - Scope and effect - Landlord bound to implead the transferee in his suit for recovery of arrear rent : AIR 1951 Ori. 186.
All impositions upon a tenant, in addition to or in excess of the rent lawfully payable shall be illegal and all stipulations and reservations for the payment thereof shall be valid.
(1) If any landlord or his agent levies from a tenant anything in money or kind in addition to or in excess of the rent or interest lawfully payable, the Collector of the district or any Deputy Collector who may be specially empowered by the State Government in this behalf may, if he is so satisfied, by order impose on the landlord or on his agent or on both, as the case may be, such penalty as such officer thinks fit, not exceeding five hundred rupees, or when double the amount or value of what is so levied exceeds five hundred rupees, not exceeding double that amount or value or simple imprisonment for a period not exceeding six months in their case.
Such officer may proceed against the landlord and his agent in the same proceeding or in separate proceedings, and shall award to the tenant, by way of compensation and cost, such portion of the penalty as he thinks fit.
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(1) For the purposes of this Act, the term "improvement', used with reference to a raiyat's holding, shall mean any work which adds to the value of the holding, which is suitable to the holding and consistent with the purposes for which it was let, and which, if not executed on the holding, is either executed directly for its benefit or is, after execution, made directly beneficial to it.
(2) Until the contrary is shown, the following shall be presumed to be improvement within the meaning of this Section ;
(a) the construction of wells, tanks, water-channels and other works for the storage, supply or distribution of water for the purposes of agriculture, or for the use of men and cattle employed in agriculture;
(b) the preparation of land for irrigation;
(1) Where a raiyat holds at fixed rates or has an occupancy right in his holding, neither the raiyat nor his landlord, shall as such, be entitled to prevent the other from making an improvement in respect of the holding, except on the ground that he is willing to make it himself.
(2) If both the raiyat and his landlord wish to make the same improvement, the raiyat shall have the prior right to make it unless it affects another holding or other holdings under the same landlord.
If a question arises between the raiyat and his landlord -
(a) as to the right to make an improvement, or
(b) as to whether a particular work is an improvement.
the Collector may, on the application of either party, decide the question; and his decision shall be final.
(1) A non-occupancy raiyat shall be entitled to construct, maintain and repair a well for the irrigation of his holding, with all works incidental thereof, and to erect a suitable dwelling-house for himself and his family, with all necessary out-offices; but shall not, except as aforesaid and as next hereinafter provided, be entitled to make any other improvement in respect of his holding without his landlord's permission in writing.
(2) A non-occupancy-raiyat who would but for the want of his landlord's permission in writing, be entitled to make an improvement in respect of his holding, may, if he desires that the improvement be made, deliver, or cause to be delivered, to his landlord a request in writing calling upon him to make the improvement within a reasonable time; and, if the landlord is unable or neglects to comply with that request, may make the improvement himself.
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(1) A landlord may, by application to such Revenue Officer as the Board of Revenue may appoint, register any improvement which he has lawfully made, or which has been lawfully made at his expense, or which he has assisted a tenant in making.
(2) The application shall be in such form, shall contain such information, and shall be verified in such manner, by local inquiry or otherwise, as the State Government may, by rule, direct.
(3) The officer receiving the application may reject it if it has not been made within twelve months -
(a) in the case of improvements made before the commencement of this Act - from the commencement of this Act;
(b) in the case of improvements made after the commencement of this Act - from the date of the completion of the
(1) If any landlord or tenant of a holding desires that evidence relating to any improvement made in respect thereof be recorded, he may apply to a Revenue Officer, who shall thereupon, at a time and place of which notice shall be given to the parties, record the evidence, unless he considers that there are no reasonable grounds for making the application, or it is made to appear that the subject-matter thereof is under inquiry in a Revenue Court.
(2) When any matter has been recorded under this Section, the record thereof shall be admissible in evidence in every subsequent proceeding between the landlord and tenant or any persons claiming under them.
(1) Every raiyat who is ejected from his holding shall be entitled to compensation for improvements which have been made in respect thereof in accordance with this Act by him, or by his predecessor in interest, and for which compensation has not already been paid.
(2) Whenever a Court makes a decree or order for the ejectment of a raiyat, it shall determine the amount of compensation (if any) due under this Section to the raiyat for improvements, and shall make the decree or order of ejectment conditional on the payment of that amount to the raiyat.
(3) No compensation under this section for an improvement shall be claimable where raiyat has made the improvement in pursuance of a contract or under a lease binding him, in consideration of some substantial advantage to be obtained by him, to make the improvement without compensation, and
(1) In estimating the compensation to be awarded under Section 92 for an improvement, regard shall be had -
(a) to the amount by which the value, or the produce, of the holding or the value of that produce, is increased by the improvement;
(b) to the condition of the improvement, and the probable duration of its effects;
(c) to the labour and capital required for the making of such an improvement;
(d) to any reduction or remission of rent or any other advantage given by the landlord to the raiyat in consideration of the improvement; and
(e) in the case of a reclamation or of the conversion of unirrigated into irrigated land, to the length of time during which the benefit of the improvement at an unenhance
(1) The Collector may, on the application of the landlord of a holding, and on being satisfied that he is desirous of acquiring the holding or part thereof for some reasonable and sufficient purpose having relation to the good of the holding or of the tenure or estate in which it is comprised, such as the use of the land for a village road, tank for drinking-water or embankment, or for any charitable, religious or educational purpose, or for the purpose of mining, manufacture, drainage or irrigation, or as building ground for any such purpose, or for access to land used or required for any such purpose,
authorise the acquisition thereof by the landlord upon such conditions as the Collector may think fit, and require the tenant to sell his interest in the holding or part to the landlord upon such terms as may be approved by the Collector, including full compensation to the tenant.<
(1) When the Collector is satisfied that no communal land is set for the common use of the villagers or for the supply of fuel to them or that any land so set apart or used in inadequate for the purpose, he may, after giving notice to the landlord and any other persons affected thereby and after making such enquiry as he thinks fit, determine the land or additional land needed for the purpose and apply to the State Government for the acquisition of such land under the Land Acquisition Act, 1894 (I of 1894). On such application, the State Government may pass an order directing the Collector to take order for acquisition of such land under the said Act. Thereupon the provisions of that Act shall apply as if the State Government had directed the Collector to take order for the acquisition of such land under Section 7 of the said Act and the land shall, after such acquisition, be set for the purpose for which it is acquired.
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[Omitted]
(1) A raiyat not bound by a lease or other agreement for a fixed period may at the end of any agricultural year, surrender his holding.
(2) But, notwithstanding the surrender the raiyat shall be liable to indemnify the landlord against any loss of the rent of the holding for the agricultural year next following the date of the surrender, unless he gives to his landlord, at least three months before he surrenders, notice in writing of his intention to surrender.
(3) When a raiyat has surrendered his holding, the Court shall in the following cases, for the purposes of Sub-section (2), presume, until the contrary is shown, that such notice was so given, namely :
(a) if the raiyat takes a new holding in the same village from the same landlord during the agricultural year next following the surre
(1) If a non-resident or a resident raiyat who voluntarily abandons his residence in the village, ceases to cultivate 'his holding either by himself or some other person, without giving notice to his landlord and without arranging for payment of his rent as it falls due, the landlord may, at any time after the expiration of the agricultural year in which the raiyat thus ceases to cultivate, enter on the holding and let it to another tenant, or take it into cultivation himself.
(2) Before a landlord enters under this Section, he shall file a notice in the prescribed form in the Collector's office stating that he has treated the holding as abandoned and is about to enter on it accordingly; and the Collector shall cause a notice to be published in such manner as the State Government may, by Rule, direct.
(3) When a landlord enters under t
(1) Save as provided in Sections 18, 31 and 31-A and otherwise provided in the next two succeeding Sub-sections a division of tenure or holding or distribution of rent payable in respect thereof, shall not be binding on the landlord unless it is made with his express consent in writing or with that of his agent duly authorised in that behalf :
Provided that if it is proved that in any landlord's rent roll there is an entry showing that any tenure or holding has been divided, or that the rent payable in respect thereof has been distributed, such landlord may be presumed to have given his express consent in writing to such division or distribution.
(2) Where there is division of tenure or holding and distribution of rent payable in respect thereof, whether such division took place before or after the coming into force of the Orissa Tenan
No tenant shall be ejected from his tenure or holding except in execution of a decree.
(1) Subject to the provisions of this section and any contract, a landlord may, by himself or by any person authorised by him in this behalf, enter on and measure all land comprised in his estate or tenure.
(2) A landlord shall not, without the consent of the tenant or the written permission of the Collector, be entitled to measure land more than once in ten years, except in the following cases, namely :
(a) where the area of the tenure or holding is liable, by reason of allusion, diluvion or reclamation to vary from year to year, and the rent payable depends on the area;
(b) where the area under cultivation is liable to vary from year to year and the rent payable depends on the area under cultivation;
(c) where the landlord is a purchaser otherwis
(1) Where a landlord desires to measure any land which he is entitled to measure under Section 101, the Revenue Court may, on the application of the landlord, make an order requiring the tenant to attend and point out this boundaries of the land.
(2) If the tenant refuses or neglects to comply with the order, a map or other record of the boundaries and measurements of the land, prepared under the direction of the landlord at the time when the tenant was directed to attend, it shall be presumed to be correct until the contrary is shown.
(1) Every measurement of land made by order of a Revenue Court or of a Revenue Officer in any suit or proceeding under this Act shall be made by the acre, unless the Court or Revenue Officer directs that it be made by any other specified standard.
(2) If the rights of the parties are regulated by any local measure other than the acre, the acre shall be converted into the local measure for the purposes of the suit or proceeding.
(3) The State Government may, after local inquiry, make rules declaring for any local area the standard or standards of measurement locally in use in that area; and every declaration so made shall be presumed to be correct until the contrary is shown.
When any dispute exists between co-owners of an estate, sub-proprietary interest or tenure as to the management thereof, and in consequence there has ensued, or is likely to ensue-
(a) inconvenience to the public, or
(b) injury to private rights,
the District judge may, on the application in case (a) of the Collector and in case (b) of any person having an interest in the estate, sub-proprietary interest or tenure, direct a notice to be served on all the co-owners, calling on them to show cause why they should not appoint a common manager:
Provided that a co-owner of an estate, sub-proprietary interest or tenure shall not be entitled to apply under this Section unless he is actually in possession of the interest he claims, and, if he is a co-owner
If the co-owners fail to show cause as aforesaid within one month after service of a notice under Section 104, the District Judge may make an order directing them to appoint a common manager; and a copy of the order shall be served on any co-owner who did not appear before it was made.
If the co-owners do not, within such period not being less than one month after the making of an order under Section 105 as the District Judge may fix in this behalf, or where the order has been served as directed by that Section within a like period after such service, appoint a common manager and report the appointment for the information of the District Judge, the District Judge may, unless it is shown to his satisfaction that there is a prospect of a satisfactory arrangement being made within a reasonable time, -
(a) direct that the estate, sub-proprietary interest or tenure be managed by the Court of Wards, in any case in which the Court of Wards consents to undertake the management thereof; or
(b) in any case appoint a manager.
The State Government may nominate a person for any local area to manage all estates, sub-proprietary interests and tenures within that local area for which it may be necessary to appoint as manager under Clause (b) of Section 106; and, when any person has been so nominated, no other person shall be appointed manager under that clause by the District Judge unless in the case of any estate the District Judge thinks fit to appoint one of the co-owners themselves as manager.
In any case in which the Court of Wards undertakes under Section 106, the management of an estate, sub-proprietary interest or tenure, so much of the provisions of the Court of Wards Act, 1879 (Ben. Act IX of 1879) as relates to the management of immovable property shall apply to the management.
(1) A manager appointed under Section 106 may, if the District Judge thinks fit, be remunerated by a fixed salary or a fixed percentage of the money collected by him as manager, or partly in one way and partly in the other, as the District Judge from time to time directs.
(2) He shall give such security for the proper discharge of his duties as the District Judge directs.
(3) He shall, subject to the control of the District Judge have, for the purposes of management, the same powers as the co-owners jointly might, but for his appointment, have exercised and the co-owners shall not exercise any such power.
(4) He shall deal with and distribute the profits in accordance with the orders of the District Judge.
(5) He shall keep regular accounts, and
When an estate, sub-proprietary interest or tenure has been placed under the management of the Court of Wards, or a manager has been appointed for the same under Section 106 or Section 109, Sub-section (9), the District Judge may at any time direct that the management of it be restored to the co-owners, if he is satisfied that the management will be conducted by them without inconvenience to the public or injury to private rights.
The High Court may make rules defining the powers and duties of managers under this Chapter.
(1) The State Government may in any case if it thinks fit, make an order directing that a survey be made and a record-of-rights be prepared, by a Revenue Officer, in respect of the lands in any local area, estate or tenure or part thereof.
(2) In particular and without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing power, the State Government may make such an order in the following cases, namely :
(a) where -
(i) the landlord or tenants, or
(ii) a proportion of not less than one-half of the total number of landlords, or
(iii) a landlord, or a proportion of the landlords, whose interest, or the aggregate of whose interests respectively, in the lands of the local area, estate or tenure or part thereof is not
Where an order is made under Section 112, the particulars to be recorded shall be specified in the order, and may include, either without or in addition to other particulars, some or all of the following, namely :
(a) the name of each tenant or occupant;
(b) the class to which each tenant belongs, that is to say, whether he is a tenure-holder, bazyaftidar, raiyat holding at fixed rates, settled raiyat, occupancy-raiyat, non-occupancy raiyat, under-raiyat or chandnadar; and, if he is a tenureholder, whether he is a permanent tenure-holder or not, and whether his rent is liable to enhancement during the continuance of his tenure;
(c) the situation and quantity and one or more of the boundaries of the and held by each tenant or occupier;
(d) the name o
The State Government may, for the purpose of settling or averting disputes existing or likely to arise between landlords, tenants, proprietors, or persons belonging to any of these classes, regarding the use of passage of water, make an order directing that a survey be made and a record-of-rights be prepared by a Revenue Officer, in order to ascertain and record the rights and obligations of each tenant and landlord in any local area, estate or tenure or part thereof, in respect of -
(a) the use by tenants of water for agricultural purposes whether obtained from a river, jhil, tank or well or any other source of supply; and
(b) the repair and maintenance of appliances for securing a supply of water for the cultivation of the land held by each tenant, whether or not such appliances be situated within the boundaries of such land.
On the application of one or more of the proprietors or tenure-holders, or of a large proportion of the raiyats, of an estate or tenure, and on the applicants depositing or giving security for the required amount for expenses, a Revenue Officer may, subject to, and in accordance with, rules made in this behalf by the State Government, ascertain and record all or any of the particulars specified in Section 113 with respect to the estate or tenure or any part thereof.
(1) When a draft record-of-rights has been prepared, the Revenue Officer shall publish the draft in the prescribed manner and for the prescribed period, and shall receive and consider any objections which may be made to any entry therein, or to any omission therefrom, during the period of publication.
(2) When such objections have been considered and disposed of according to such rules as the State Government may prescribe, and (if a settlement of; land revenue is being or is about to be made) the Settlement Rent Roll has been incorporated with the record under Section 124, Sub-section (3), the Revenue Officer shall finally frame the record, and shall cause it to be finally published in the prescribed manner; and the publication shall be conclusive evidence that the record has been duly made under this Chapter.
(3) Separate draft or fi
(1) In any suit or other proceeding in which a record-of rights published under this Chapter, or a duly certified copy thereof or extract therefrom, is produced, such record-of-rights shall be presumed to have been finally published, unless such publication is expressly denied; and a certificate signed by the Revenue Officer, or by the Collector of any district in which the local area, estate or tenure or part thereof to which the record-of-rights relates is wholly or partly situate, stating that a record-of -rights has been finally published under this Chapter, shall be conclusive evidence of such publication.
(2) The State Government may, by notification, declare, with regard to any specified area, that a record-of-rights has been finally published for any village included in such area; and such notification shall be conclusive evidence of such publication.
In every case in which a settlement of land revenue is being or is about to be made, the Revenue Officer shall, after publication of the draft of the record-of-rights under Section 116, Sub-section (1)-
(a) settle fair and equitable rents for tenants of every class;
(b) notwithstanding anything contained in Section 248, settle a fair and equitable rent for any land in respect of which he has recorded, in pursuance of Clause (m) of Section 113, that the occupant is entitled to hold it without payment of rent, and
(c) prepare a Settlement Rent Roll :
Provided that the Revenue Officer shall not settle the rents of tenants of every class in an estate or tenure belonging to the Government if it does not appear to the State Government to be expedient tha
(1) For the purposes of settling rents under this Part and preparing a Settlement Rent Roll, the Revenue Officer may proceed in any one or more of the following ways or partly in one of those ways and partly in another, that is to say -
(a) if in any case the landlord and tenant agree between themselves as to the amount of the rent fairly and equitably payable; the Revenue Officer shall satisfy himself that the rent so agreed upon is fair and equitable; and if he is so satisfied, but not otherwise, it may be settled and recorded as the fair and equitable rent;
(b) the Revenue Officer may himself propose what he deems to be the fair and equitable rent, and if the amount so proposed is accepted, either orally or in writing, by the tenant, and if the landlord, after notice to attend, raises no objection, the rent so proposed may be settled
(1) If a Table of Rates is prepared, it shall specify -
(a) the class or several classes of land for which, having regard to the nature of the soil, situation, means of irrigation, and other like considerations, it is in the opinion of the Revenue Officer necessary or practicable to fix a rate or different rates of rent; and
(b) the rate or rates of rent fairly and equitably payable by tenants holding land of each such class where rent is liable to alteration.
(2) Local publication of Table - When the Revenue Officer has prepared the Table of Rates he shall publish it in the local area, estate, tenure or village to which it relates, in the vernacular language prevailing in the district, and in the prescribed manner.
(3) Revenue Officer to deal wit
When a Table of Rates has been confirmed under Section 120, Sub-section (5), the Revenue Officer may settle all or any of the rents, and prepare the Settlement Rent Roll, on the basis of the rates shown in the Table, by calculating the rental of each tenure or each holding of a raiyat or under-raiyat on the area of such tenure or holding at the said rates :
Provided that the Revenue Officer shall not be bound to apply the said rates in any particular case in which he may consider it unfair or inequitable to do so.
In framing a Table of Rates under Section 120, and in settling rents under Section 121, the Revenue Officer shall be guided by such rules as the State Government may make in this behalf, and shall, so far as may be, and subject to the proviso to the said Section 121, have regard to the general principles of this Act regulating the enhancement or reduction of rents.
(1) When a Settlement Rent Roll for a local area, estate, tenure or village or part thereof has been prepared, the Revenue Officer shall cause a draft of it to be published in the prescribed manner and for the prescribed period, and shall receive and consider any objections made to any entry therein, or omission therefrom, during the period of publication, and shall dispose of such objections according to such rules as the State Government may prescribe.
(2) The Revenue Officer may, of his own motion or on the application of any party aggrieved, at any time before a Settlement Rent Roll is submitted to the confirming authority under Section 124, revise any rent entered therein :
Provided that no such entry shall be revised until reasonable notice has been given to the parties concerned to appear and be heard in the matter.
(1) When all objections have been disposed of under Section 123, the Revenue Officer shall submit the Settlement Rent Roll to the confirming authority, with a full statement of the grounds of his proposals and a summary of the objections (if any) which he has received.
(2) The confirming authority may sanction the Settlement Rent Roll, with or without amendment, or may return it for revision :
Provided that no entry shall be amended, or omission supplied until reasonable notice has been given to the parties concerned to appear and be heard in the matter.
(3) After sanction by the confirming authority, the Revenue Officer shall finally frame the Settlement Rent Roll, and shall incorporate it with the record-of-rights published in draft under Section 116.
(1) An appeal, if presented within two months from the date of the order appealed against, shall lie from every order passed by a Revenue Officer, prior to the final publication of 'record-of-rights', on any objection made under Section 120, Sub-section (3) or Section 123; and such appeal shall lie to such superior revenue authority as the State Government may, by rule, prescribe.
(2) The Board of Revenue may, in case under this Part, on application or of its own motion, direct the revision of any record-of-rights, or any portion of a record-of-rights, at any time within two years from the date of the certificate of final publication, but not so as to affect any order passed by a Civil Court under Section 126 :
Provided that no such direction shall be made until reasonable notice has been given to the parties concerned to appear and be
(1) Any person aggrieved by an entry of a rent settled in a Settlement Rent Roll prepared under Sections 119 to 124 and incorporated in a record-of-rights finally published under Section 116, or by an omission to settle a rent for entry in such Settlement Rent Roll, may institute a suit in the Civil Court which would have jurisdiction to entertain a suit for the possession of the land to which the entry relates or in respect of which the omission was made.
(2) Such suit must be instituted within six months from the date of the certificate of final publication of the record-of-rights, or, if an appeal has been presented to a revenue authority under Section 125, then within six months from the date of the disposal of such appeal.
(3) Such suit may be instituted on any of the following grounds and on no others, namely :
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Subject to the provisions of Section 126, all rents settled under Sections 119 to 124 and entered in a record-of-rights finally published under Section 116, or settled under Section 125, shall be deemed to have been correctly settled and to be fair and equitable rents within the meaning of this Act.
(1) When, in any case in which a settlement of land-revenue is not being made or is not to be made, either the landlord or the tenant applies, within three months from the date of the certificate of the final publication of the record-of-rights under Section 116, Sub-section (2), for a settlement of rent, the Revenue Officer shall settle a fair and equitable rent in respect of the land by the tenant.
Explanation - Superior landlord may apply for a settlement of rent, notwithstanding that his estate or tenure or part thereof has been temporarily leased.
(2) When, in any case in which a settlement of land-revenue is not being made or is not about to be made, the Revenue Officer has recorded, in pursuance of Clause (m) of Section 113, that the occupant of any land claimed to be held rent-free is not entitled to hold it without payment of
Where, in any proceedings for the settlement of rents under this Part, any of the following issues arise-
(a) whether the land is or is not, liable to the payment of rent;
(b) whether the land, although entered in the record-of -rights as being held rent-free, is liable to the payment of rent;
(c) whether the relation of landlord and tenant exists;
(d) whether the land has been wrongly recorded as part of a particular estate, sub-proprietary interest or tenancy, or wrongly omitted from the lands of an estate, sub-proprietary interest or tenancy;
(e) whether the tenant belongs to a class different from that to which he is shown in the record-of -rights as belonging;
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In proceedings under this Part, a suit may be instituted before a Revenue Officer at any time within three months from the date of the certificate of the final publication of the record-of-rights under Sub-section (2) of Section 116, by presenting a plaint on stamped paper for the decision of any dispute regarding any entry which Revenue Officer has made in, or any omission which the said officer has made from, the record, whether such dispute be between landlord and tenant, or between landlords of the same or of neighboring estates, or between tenant and tenant, or as to whether the relationship of landlord and tenant exists, or as to whether land held rent-free is properly so held, or as to any other question relating to the title in land or to any interest in land as between parties to the suit; and the Revenue Officer shall bear and decide the dispute :
Provided that the Reven
(1) In all proceedings under Section 128, Section 129 and Section 130, the Revenue Officer shall, subject to rules made by the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (V of 1908), for the trial of suits; and his decision in every such proceedings shall have the force and effect of a decree of a Civil Court in a suit between the parties, and subject to the provisions of Sections 132 and 135, shall be final.
(2) Notwithstanding the period of limitation provided for in Sections 128 and 130, the Revenue Officer may, at his discretion, permit an application under Section 128, or a suit under Section 130, to be amended by the addition of parties, or otherwise, at any time during the pendency of the same.
(3) A note of all rents settled under Section 128 and of all decisions of issues or disputes under Section 129 or Section 130, and of all rents commu
Any Revenue Officer specially empowered by the State Government in this behalf may, on application or of his own motion, within twelve months from the making of any order or decisions under Section 128, Section 129, Section 130, or Section 131, revise the same, whether it was made by himself or by any other Revenue Officer, but not so as to affect any order passed or decree made under Section 135 :
Provided that no such order or decision shall be so revised if an appeal from it is pending under Section 135 or until reasonable notice has been given to the parties concerned to appear and be heard in the matter.
Any Revenue Officer specially empowered, by the State Government in this behalf may, on application or of his own motion, within twelve months from the date of the certificate of the final publication of the record-of-rights under Sub-section (2) of Section 116, correct any entry in such record-of-right which he is satisfied has been made owing to a bona fide mistake :
Provided that no such correction shall be made if an appeal affecting such entry is pending under Section 135, or until reasonable notice has been given to the parties concerned to appear and be heard in the matter.
Subject to the provisions of Section 135, a Civil Court shall not entertain any application or suit concerning any matter which is or has already been the subject of an application made, suit instituted or proceeding taken under Sections 128 to 132.
(1) The State Government shall appoint one or more persons to be a Special Judge or Special Judges for the purpose of hearing appeals from the decisions of Revenue Officers under Sections 128 to 133.
(2) An appeal shall lie to the Special Judge from the decisions of Revenue Officer under Sections 129 to 133; and the provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (V of 1908) relating to appeals shall, as nearly as may be, apply to all appeals.
(3) Subject to the provisions of Sections 103, 104 and 107 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (V of 1908), an appeal shall lie to the High Court from the decision of a Special Judge in any case under this Section (not being a decision settling a rent), as if he were a Court subordinate to the High Court within the meaning of the said Section 103 :
P
(1) In framing a record-of-rights, and in deciding disputes under this Chapter, the Revenue Officer shall give effect to any lawfully agreement or compromise made or entered into by any landlord and his tenant.
But he shall not give effect to any agreement or compromise the terms of which, if they were embodied in a contract, could not be enforced under this Act.
(2) Where any agreement or compromise has been made for the purpose of settling a dispute as to the rent payable, the Revenue Officer shall, in order to ascertain whether the effect of such agreement or compromise would be to enhance the rent in a manner, or to an extent, not allowed by Section 34 in the case of a contract, record evidence as to the rent which was legally payable immediately before the period in respect of which the dispute arose.
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(1) Notwithstanding anything contained in Section 136, if, in any case, while the record is being prepared, the landlord and tenant agree as to the rent which shall be recorded as payable for the tenure or holding, a Revenue Officer specially empowered in this behalf by the State Government may, if he is satisfied that the rent agreed upon is fair and equitable, but not otherwise, settle such rent as a fair and equitable rent, although the terms of the agreement are such that, if they are embodied in a contract, they could not be enforced under this Act; and the provisions of Section 144 shall apply to a rent so settled.
(2) A landlord or tenant may appeal to the Special Judge appointed under Section 135 on the ground that the rent settled by the Revenue Officer, under Sub-section (1), as a fair and equitable rent, was not agreed to by such landlord or tenant, and on no other grou
A note of all rents settled and of all decisions of disputes, on revisions or appeal under Section 132, Section 135, or Sub-section (2) or Sub-section (3) of Section 137, shall be made in the record-of-rights finally published under Sub-section (2) of Section 116; and such note shall be deemed to be part of the record.
When a rent is settled by a Revenue Officer under this Chapter, it shall take effect from the beginning of the agricultural year next after the date of the decision fixing the rent or (if a settlement of land-revenue is being or is about to be made) the date of final publication of the Settlement Rent-Roll.
Provided as follows :
(a) if the land is comprised in an area, estate or tenure in respect of which a settlement of land-revenue is being or is about to be made, the rent settled shall, subject to the provisions of Sections 247 and 248, take effect from the other date after the expiration of that period as may be fixed by the Revenue Officer;
(b) if the land is not comprised in an area, estate or tenure as aforesaid, and if the existing rent has been fixed by a contract binding between the
When an order has been made under Section 112, directing the preparation of a record-of-rights, no Court shall -
(a) where a settlement of land-revenue is being or is about to be made until after the final publication of the record-of-rights, and
(b) where a settlement of land-revenue is not being made or is not about to be made until three months after the final publication of the record-of-rights.
entertain any application made under Section 210, or any suit or application for the alteration of the rent or the determination of the status of any tenant, in the area to which the record-of-rights applies.
No suit shall be brought in any Civil Court in respect of any order directing the preparation of a record-of-rights under this Chapter, or in respect of the framing, publication, signing or attestation of such a record or, of any part of it, or, save as provided in Section 126, for the alteration of any entry in such a record of a rent settled under Sections 119 to 124 :
Provided that any persons who is dissatisfied with any entry, in, or omission from a record-of-rights framed in pursuance of an order made under Clause (d) of Sub-section (2) of Section 112, which concerns a right of which he is in possession, may institute a suit for declaration of his right under Chapter VI of the Specific Relief Act, 1877 (I of 1877).
(1) Where a record-of-rights has been final), published in respect of the land in any area in which a settlement of land revenue is not being made or is not about to be made, no application or suit affecting such land or any tenant thereof shall, within three months from the date of the certificate of final publication of such record-of-rights, be made or instituted in any Civil Court for the decision of any of the following issues, namely :
(a) whether the land is or is not liable to the payment of rent;
(b) whether the relation of landlord and tenant exists;
(c) whether the land is part of a particular estate of tenancy; or
(d) whether there is any special condition or incident of the tenancy, or whether any right of way or other easement attaches
(1) The State Government may, on being satisfied that the exercise of the powers hereinafter mentioned is necessary in the interests of public order or of the local welfare, or that any landlord is demanding rents which have been illegally enhanced above those entered as payable in a record of rights finally published under this Chapter, invest a Revenue Officer with the following powers or either of them, namely:
(a) power to settle all rents;
(b) power, when settling rents, to reduce rents, if, in the opinion of the officer, the maintenance of existing rents would on any ground, whether specified in this Act or not, be unfair or inequitable.
(2) The powers given under this section may be made exercisable within a specified area either generally or with reference to specified cases or classe
(1) When the rent of a tenure or holding is settled under this Chapter, it shall not, except on the ground of a landlord's improvement or of a subsequent alteration in the area of the tenure or holding, be enhanced, in the case of a tenure or an occupancy holding or the holding of an under-raiyat having occupancy rights for fifteen years, and, in the case of a non-occupancy holding or the holding of an under-raiyat not having occupancy rights, for five years; and no such rent shall be reduced within the periods aforesaid, save on the ground of alteration in the area of the holding or on the ground specified in Clause (a) of Sub-section (1) of Section 45.
(2) The said periods of fifteen years and five years shall be counted from the date on which the rent settled takes effect under this Chapter.
-(1) When the preparation of a record-of-rights has been directed or undertaken under this Chapter in any case except where settlement of land revenue is being or is about to be made, the expenses incurred in carrying out the provisions of this Chapter in any local area, estate, tenure or part thereof (including expenses that may be incurred at any time, whether before or after the preparation of the record-of-rights, in the maintenance, repair or restoration of boundary marks and other survey marks erected for the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this Chapter), or such part of those expenses as the State Government may direct, shall be defrayed by the landlord's, tenants and occupants of land in that local area, estate, tenure or part in such proportions, and in such instalments (if any), as the State Government having regard to all the circumstances, may determine.
(2)
When the particulars mentioned in Section 113, Clause (b), have been recorded under his Chapter in respect of any tenancy, the presumption under Section 58 shall not thereafter apply to that tenancy.
In the demarcation of village boundaries for the purpose of making survey and preparing a record-of-rights under this Chapter, a Revenue Officer shall, so far as it possible, and subject to the provisions of the Bengal Survey Act, 1875 (Bengal Act V of 1875), preserve, as the unit of survey and record, the area contained within the exterior boundaries of the village maps of the revenue survey (if any);
and, where village maps prepared at a previous survey exist, he shall not without the sanction of the Board of Revenue, adopt any other area as such unit.
All record published, whether in draft or final form, before the fifth day of November, 1898, under Section 105 of the Bengal Tenancy Act, 1885 (VIII of 1885) as originally passed, shall be deemed to have been duly published.
Every settlement of rent or decision of a dispute by a Revenue Officer before the fifth day of November, 1898, under Section 104 or Section 106 of the Bengal Tenancy Act, 1885 (VIII of 1885) as originally passed in respect of which no appeal was, before that date, preferred to the Special Judge appointed under Section 108 of that Act, as originally passed, shall have the force and effect of a decree of a Civil Court in a suit between the parties, and shall be final.
The State Government may make an order directing a Revenue Officer to make a survey and record of all the lands in a specified local area which are proprietors' private lands.
In the case of any land alleged to be a proprietor's private land, on the application of the proprietor or of any tenant of the land, and on his depositing the required amount for expenses, a Revenue Officer may, subject to, and in accordance with, rules made in this behalf by the State Government ascertain and record whether the land is not a proprietor's private land.
When a Revenue Officer proceeds under either Section 150 or Section 151, the provisions of Sections 116, 117, 130, 131, 132, 134 and 135 shall apply.
(1) Except in estates of the class referred to in Section 154, the Revenue Officer shall record as a proprietor's private land -
(a) land which is proved to have been cultivated as nijjote, khamar or khudkast by the proprietor himself with his own stock or by his own servants or by hired labour for twelve continuous years immediately before the commencement of this Act; and
(b) cultivated land which is recognised by village usage as proprietor's nij-jote, khamar or khudkast.
(2) In determining whether any other land in any such estate ought to be recorded as a proprietor's private land, the officer shall have regard to local custom or usage, and to the question whether the land was before the twenty-first day of August, 1906, specifically let as proprietor's private land, and to any other evi
(1) In temporarily-settled estates for which a record-of-rights has been prepared and finally published under Chapter X of the Bengal Tenancy Act, 1885 (VIII of 1885) between the years 1891 and 1900 inclusive, and again between the years 1906 and 1912 inclusive, a proprietor's private land shall include -
(a) land which has recorded as nij-jote in the record-of-right prepared between the years 1906 and 1912; and
(b) land recorded as the nij-chas of a proprietor or sub-proprietor other than a sub-proprietor referred to in Sub-clause (i) of Clause (21) of Section 3 in the record-of-rights prepared between the years 1891 and 1900, which has again been recorded as his nij-chas in the record-of-right prepared between the years 1906 and 1912.
(2) Any land, recorded as nij-chas in a record-of-rights
Where an arrear of rent is due to the landlord of a raiyat or under-raiyat, and has not been due for more than a year, and no security has been accepted therefor by the landlord, the landlord may, in addition to any other remedy to which he is entitled by law, recover the arrear under the provisions of this Chapter, by distraining, while in the possession of the cultivator -
(1) any crops or other products of the earth standing or ungathered on the holding; and
(2) any crops or other products of the earth while have been grown on the holding and have been reaped or gathered and are deposited on the holding or on a threshing-floor or place for treading out grain, or the like, whether in the fields or within a homestead:
Provided that no distraint shall be made-
(1) The distrainer shall, at the time of making the distraint, serve on the defaulter a written demand for the arrear due and the costs incurred in making the distraint, with a notice stating the grounds on which the distraint is made and containing also the following particulars, namely :
(a) the holding in respect of which the arrear is claimed, and the boundaries thereof, or such other particulars as may suffice for its identification;
(b) the name of the tenant;
(c) the period in respect of which the arrear is claimed;
(d) the amount of the arrear, with the interest, if any, claimed thereon, and, when an amount in excess of the rent payable by the tenant in the last preceding agricultural year is claimed, the contract or proceedings, as the case
(1) Unless the demand with all costs of the distraint be immediately paid or tendered, the distrainer may distrain property referred to in Section 155 to such value as may be expected to meet such demand and costs.
(2) Before seizing any property, the distrainer shall prepare a list or description thereof, and shall deliver a copy of the list to the owner of the property, of, if he is absent, shall affix it at his usual place of residence.
(1) A distraint under this Chapter shall not prevent any person from reaping, gathering or storing any produce or doing any other act necessary for its due preservation.
(2) If the person entitled to do so fails to do so at the proper time, the distrainer shall cause any standing crops or ungathered products distrained to be reaped or gathered when ripe, and stored in such grainaries or other places as are commonly used for the purpose, or in some other convenient place in the neighborhood, or shall do whatever else may be necessary for the due preservation of the same.
(3) In either case the distrained property shall remain in the charge of the distrainer or of some other person appointed by him in this behalf.
If a distrainer is opposed, or apprehends resistance, and desires to obtain the assistance of a public Officer, he may apply to the Collector; and the Collector may, if he thinks it necessary to do so, depute an officer to support the distrainer in making the distraint.
(1) Within five days from the time of the storing of any distrained crops or products, of, if the crops or products do not, from their nature, admit of being stored, then within five days from the time of making the distraint, the distrainer shall apply for sale of the same to such officer, not below the rank of Kanungo, as the State Government may prescribe.
(2) The said application shall be in writing, shall contain an inventory or description of the property distrained, and shall state -
(a) the name of the defaulter, and his place of residence;
(b) the amount due;
(c) the date of the distraint; and
(d) the place in which the distrained property is deposited;
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(1) When any officer referred to in Section 160, Sub-section (1), receives an application under that Section, he shall forthwith -
(a) send a copy of the application to the Collector;
(b) serve a notice, in the prescribed form, on the person whose property has been distrained, requiring him either to pay the amount demanded or to institute a suit to contest the demand of the distrainer before the Collector within the period of fifteen days from the receipt of the notice;
(c) send to the Collector, for the purpose of being put up on his office, a proclamation fixing a day for the sale of the distrained property, which shall not be less than twenty days from the date of the application; and
(d) deliver a copy of the said proclamation to the person cha
(1) If a suit is instituted before the Collector in pursuance of the notice referred to in Clause (b) of Sub-section (1) of section 161, the Collector shall send to the officer referred to in Sub-section (1) of Section 160, or, if so requested shall deliver to the owner of the distrained property, a certificate of the institution of the suit.
(2) A person whose property has been distrained under this Chapter may, immediately after the distraint and before an application is made under Sub-section (1) of Section 160, institute a suit to contest the demand of the distrainer; and the Collector shall thereupon proceed as provided in Sub-section (1).
(3) When a certificate under Sub-section (1) or Sub-section (2) is received by or presented to an officer referred to in Section 160, Sub-section (1), shall suspend further proceedings in regard
(1) When any person whose property has been distrained has instituted a suit to contest the demand of the distrainer, he may, at any time, execute a bond with security binding himself to pay whatever sum may be adjudged in the suit to be due from him, with interest and costs.
(2) When such a bond is executed, the Collector shall give, to the said person a certificate to that effect, or, if so requested shall serve the distrainer with notice that such a certificate has been given;
and upon such certificate being presented to the distrainer by the said person, or served on the distrainer by the Collector, the property shall be released from distraint.
On the expiration of the period fixed in the proclamation of sale, the officer referred to in Section 160, Sub-section (1), shall-
(a) if a certificate under Section 162 of the institution of a suit to contest the demand of the distrainer has not been received by or presented to him;
(b) if a certificate has not been given under Section 163; and
(c) if the said demand, with such costs of the distraint as are allowed by him, be not paid in full.
proceed to sell the property, or such part thereof as it may be necessary to sell in order to realise the said demand and costs.
The sale shall be held at the place where the distrained property is, or at the nearest place of public resort if the officer holding the sale is of opinion that it is likely to sell there to better advantage.
(1) Crops or products which from their nature admit of being stored shall not be sold before they are reaped or gathered and are ready for strong.
(2) Crops or products which from their nature do not admit of being stored may be sold before they are reaped or gathered, and the purchaser shall be entitled to enter on the land, by himself or by any person appointed by him in this behalf, and do all that is necessary for the purposes of tending and reaping or gathering them.
(3) In every case referred to in Sub-section (2), the distraint shall be made at least twenty days before the time when the crops or products or any part thereof would be fit for reaping or gathering.
The property shall be sold by public auction, in one or more lots as the officer holding the sale may think advisable; and if the demand, with the costs of distraint and sale, is satisfied by the sale of a portion of the property, the distraint shall be immediately withdrawn with respect to the remainder.
If on the property being put up for sale a fair price (in the estimation of the officer holding the sale) is not offered for it, and if the owner of the property, or a person authorised to act on his behalf, applies to have the sale postponed till the next day, or (if a market is held at the place of sale) the next market-day, the sale shall be postponed until that day, and shall be then completed, whatever price may be offered for the property.
The price of every lot shall be paid at the time of sale or as soon thereafter as the officer holding the sale directs, and in default of such payment the property shall be put up again and sold.
When the purchase money has been paid in full, the officer holding the sale shall give the purchaser a certificate describing the property purchased by him and stating the price paid.
(1) From the proceeds of every sale of distrained property the officer holding the sale shall make a deduction at the rate of one anna in the rupee as a charge for the expenses of the sale, and shall send the amount to the Collector for credit to the State Government.
(2) He shall then pay to the distrainer the expenses incurred by the distrainer on account of the distraint and of the issue of the notice and proclamation of sale required by Section 161, to such amount as, after examination of the statement of expenses furnished by the distrainer, he may think proper to allow.
(3) The remainder shall be applied to the discharge of the arrear for which the distraint was made, with the interest thereupon up to the day of sale; and the surplus (if any) shall be paid to the person whose property has been sold.
Officers holding sales of property under this Act, and all persons employed by, or subordinate to, such officers, are prohibited from purchasing, either directly or indirectly any property sold by such officers.
(1) If at any time after a distraint has been made under this Chapter, and before the sale of the distrained property, the defaulter, or the owner of the distrained property, where he is not the defaulter, tenders payment of the amount specified in the demand served under Section 156, with all costs which may have been incurred after the service of the demand, the distrainer shall receive such payment and shall grant a receipt for the same, and the distraint shall forthwith be withdrawn.
(2) A receipt granted under this Section to an owner of distrained property not being the defaulter shall afford a full protection to him against any subsequent claim for the arrears of rent on account of which the distraint was made.
(1) When an inferior tenant, on his property being lawfully distrained under this Chapter for the default of a superior tenant, makes any payment under Section 173, he shall be entitled to deduct the amount of that payment from any rent payable by him to his immediate landlord, and that landlord if he is not the defaulter, shall in like manner be entitled to deduct the amount so deducted from any rent payable by him to his immediate landlord, and so on, until the defaulter is reached.
(2) Nothing in this section shall affect the right of an inferior tenant making a payment under Section 173 to institute a suit for the recovery from the defaulter of any portion of the amount paid which he has not deducted under this Section.
When land is sub-let and any conflict arises under this Chapter between the rights of a superior landlord and an inferior landlord who distrain the same property, the right of the superior landlord shall prevail.
All officers referred to in Section 160, Sub-section (1), shall bring to the notice of the Collector any material irregularity committed by distrainers under colour of this Act.
If in any case, on proceeding to hold a sale of property, any such officer finds that the owner of the property has not received due notice of the distraint and intended sale, he shall postpone the sale and report the case to the Collector; and the Collector shall direct the issue of another notice and proclamation of sale under Section 161 or shall pass such order as he may think proper.
When an officer referred to in Section 160, Sub-section (1), has proceeded to any place for the purpose of holding a sale and no sale takes place, either -
(a) for the reason stated in Section 177, or
(b) because the demand of the distrainer has been previously satisfied, and no intimation of such satisfaction was given by the distrainer to the said office,
a charge of one anna in the rupee shall be leviable on account of expenses, and shall be calculated on the estimated value of the distrained property :
Provided that such charge shall in no case exceed ten rupees.
(1) If the demand of the distrainer is not satisfied until the day fixed for the sale, the charge for expenses, referred to in Section 171, Sub-section (1), and Section 178, shall be paid by the owner of the property and may be recovered by the sale of such portion thereof as may be necessary.
(2) In every other case the said charge shall be paid by the distrainer, and may be recovered by attachment and sale of the property of the distrainer under the warrant of the Collector.
(1) All proceedings under this Chapter by officers referred to in Section 160, Sub-section (1), shall be subject to revision by the Collector.
(2) The Collector may, with the sanction of the Board of Revenue, direct any such officer to submit periodical reports of his proceedings under this Chapter.
(1) In all suits instituted to contest a demand of a distrainer the distrainer must prove the arrear in the same manner as if he had himself brought a suit therefor.
(2) If the demand or any part thereof is found to be due, the Collector shall make a decree for the amount in favour of the distrainer.
(1) If, in any suit to contest the demand of a distrainer, the demand or any portion thereof is adjudged to be due, and if a bond has not been executed under Section 163, the Collector shall send an order to the officer referred to in Section 160, Sub-section (1), authorising the sale of the distrained property.
(2) If the distrainer applies to the said officer, within five days from the receipt of such order, for the sale of the said property, such officer shall-
(a) send to the Collector, for the purpose of being put up in his office, a proclamation fixing a day for the sale of the property, which shall not be less than five or more than ten days from the date of the proclamation; and
(b) deliver a copy of the proclamation to a peon, to be put up by him in the place where the property is de
If, a sale has been made in pursuance of Section 182, any balance remains due to the distrainer, the same may be recovered by proceeding, under the decree, against the person of the judgment-debtor and against any of his property.
Any suit instituted to contest the demand of a distrainer, if the Collector considers that the distraint was made vexatiously or without sufficient grounds, he shall direct the release of the distrainer property and may award to the plaintiff such damages as he thinks fit.
(1) If any person claims as his own property which has been distrained for arrears of rent alleged to be due from another person, he may institute a suit before the Collector against the distrainer and such other person, to try the right to the property; and the provisions of this Act as to suits to contest the demand of a distrainer shall, as far as may be, apply to such suit.
(2) When any such suit is instituted, the property may be released upon security being given up to the limit of the value of the property.
(3) If the claim is dismissed, the Collector shall make an order for the sale of the property or the recovery of the value thereof, as the case may be, for the benefit of the distrainer.
(4) If the claim is upheld, the Collector shall decree the release of the distrained property,
The right of a landlord to distrain property under this Chapter shall not be barred by -
(a) any claim to such property, made by any other person, or
(b) any order issued by any Court for the attachment or sale of such property:
Provided that, when any such property is sold under this Chapter after an order for the attachment or sale thereof has been issued by any Court, the surplus proceeds of the sale shall not be paid under Section 171 to the owner of the property without the sanction of the Court by which the order of attachment or sale was issued.
If, in any case in which property has been distrained for an arrear of rent and a suit has been instituted before the Collector to contest the demand, the right to distrain for such arrear is claimed by or on behalf of any person other than the distrainer, on the ground of such other person being actually and in good faith in the receipt of the rent of the land, such other person shall be made a party to the suit, and the question of the actual receipt of the rent by such other person before and up to the time of the commencement of the suit shall be inquired into, and the suit shall be decided according to the result of the inquiry:
Provided that the decision of the Collector shall not affect the right of either party who may have a legal title to the rent of the land, to establish his title by suit in the Civil Court if instituted within one year from the date of that decision.<
If any person, whose property has been distrained for the recovery of a demand not justly due, or of a demand due or alleged to be due from some other person, is prevented by any sufficient cause from instituting a suit to contest the demand or to try the right to the property, as the case may be, within the period allowed by Section 161 or Section 187, as the case may be, and if his property is in consequence brought to sale, he may institute a suit before the Collector, within three months from the date of occurrence of the cause of action, to recover damages for the illegal distraint and sale of his property.
(1) In any of the following cases, namely :
(a) if any person authorised by this Chapter to distrain property makes any distraint or sale, or cause any sale to be made, otherwise than in accordance with the provisions of this Chapter, or
(b) if any distrained property is lost, damaged, or destroyed by reason of the distrainer not having taken proper precaution for the due keeping and preservation thereof, or
(c) if a distraint is not immediately withdrawn as required by any provision of this Chapter,
the owner of the property may institute a suit before the Collector within three months from the date of the occurrence of the cause of action, to recover damages for any injury which he may have thereby sustained.
&nbs
If any person not authorised by this Chapter to distrain property distrains or sells or causes to be sold any property under colour of this Chapter, the owner of the property may institute a suit before the Collector, within three months from the date of the occurrence of the cause of action, to recover damages from such person for any injury which he may have thereby sustained;
and such damages may be awarded in addition to any penalty imposed in pursuance of Section 240.
The State Government may make rules for regulating the procedure in all cases under this Chapter.
(1) The State Government, may by notification in the official Gazette declare that any portions of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (V of 1908) which are not expressly made applicable by this Act seal not apply to suits and other proceedings in Revenue Courts, or shall apply to them with such modifications as the State Government may prescribe.
(2) Subject to any notifications so issued, and subject also to the other provisions of this Act, the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (V of 1908), shall apply to all such suits and other proceedings.
The following suits and applications shall be cognizable by the Collector, and shall be instituted and tried or heard under the provisions of this Act, and shall not be cognizable in any other Court except as provided in this Act, namely :
(a) all suits and applications under any portion of this Act other than Chapter XI, and
(b) all suits, by landlords and others in receipt of the rent of land, against any agent employed by them in the management of land or the collection of rent, or against sureties of such agents, for money received or accounts kept for such agents in the course of such employment, or for papers in their possession.
The State Government may direct that all suits, or any specified class of suits, under this Act shall be registered, not in the register of civil suits kept under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (V of 1908), but in such other registers as it may prescribe.
subject to the provisions of Rule 1 in Order XXIII in the first schedule to the Code of Civil procedure, 1908 (V of 1908), where a landlord has instituted a suit against a raiyat for the recovery of any rent of his holding, the landlord shall not institute another suit against him for the recovery of any rent of that holding until after three months from the date of the institution of the previous suit.
(1) The provisions of Rule 3 in Order XXIII in the first Schedule to the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (V of 1908), shall not apply to any suit under this Act.
(2) If any suit under this Act is adjusted wholly or in part by any lawful agreement or compromise, or if the defendant satisfies the plaintiff in respect to the whole or any part of the matter of the suit, the Court shall pass a decree in accordance with such agreement, compromise or satisfaction, so far as it relates to the suit :
Provided that no decree shall be passed in accordance with any agreement or compromise the terms of which, if they were embodied in a contract, could not be enforced under this Act.
(3) Where any agreement or compromise has been made for the purpose of settling a dispute as to the rent payable, the Court
In all areas for which a record-of-rights has been finally published under Chapter XI or under any other law for the time being in force, a Revenue Court shall, in all suits under this Act, have regard to the entries in such record-of-rights relating to the subject matter in dispute which may be produced before it, unless such entries have been proved by evidence to be incorrect; and, when a Revenue Court passes a decree at variance with such entries, it shall record it reasons for so doing.
The following rules shall apply to suits for the recovery of rent :
(a) Sections 68 to 72 of and Rules 1 to 13 in, Order XI and Rule 83 in Order XXI in the first Schedule to, the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (V of 1908), shall not apply to any such suit;
(b) the plaint shall contain, in addition to the particulars specified Rules 1 to 6 Order VII in the said Schedule, a statement in of the situation, designation, extent and boundaries of the land held by the tenant; or, where the plaintiff is unable to give the extent or boundaries, in lieu thereof, a description sufficient for identification;
(c) where the suit is for the rent of land situated within an area for which a record-of-rights has been finally published under Chapter XI or under any other law for the time being in force, the plaint
Where a co-sharer landlord, who has instituted a suit to recover the rent due to all the co-sharer landlords in respect of an entire tenure or holding, and has made all the remaining co-sharer parties defendant to the suit, is unable to ascertain what rent is due for the whole tenure or holding, or whether the rent due to the other co-sharer landlords has been paid or not, owing to the refusal or neglect of the tenant, or of the co-sharer landlords defendants to the suit to furnish him with correct information on these points or on either of them.
such plaintiff co-sharer landlord shall be entitled to proceed with the suit for his share only of the rent;
and a decree obtained by him in a suit so framed shall, as regards the remedies for enforcing the same be as effectual as a decree obtained by a sole landlord or an entire body of land
(1) When a defendant admits that money is due from him on account of rent, but pleads that it is due not to the plaintiff but to a third person, the Court shall refuse to take cognizance of the plea unless the defendant pays into Court the amount so admitted to be due.
(2) Where such a payment is made, the Court shall forthwith cause notice of the payment to be served on the third person, and shall be the notice require him to appear before it on a specified date, and after taking evidence (if necessary) shall pass orders.
(3) If the plea is allowed, an order shall be made for payment to the third party, and, if it is not allowed, an order shall be made for payment to the plaintiff.
(4) Nothing in this Section shall affect the right of any person to recover from the plaintiff money paid to
When a defendant admits that money is due from him to the plaintiff on account of rent, but pleads that the amount claimed is in excess of the amount due, the Court shall refuse to take cognizance of the plea unless the defendant pays into Court the amount so admitted to be due.
When a defendant is liable to pay money into Court under Section 200 or Section 201, if the Court thinks that there are sufficient reasons for so ordering, it may take cognizance of the defendant's plea on his paying into Court such reasonable portion of the money as the Court directs.
When a defendant pays money into Court under Section 200 or 201, the Court shall give the defendant a receipt : and the receipt so given shall operate as an acquittance in the same manner and to the same extent as if it had been given by the plaintiff or the third person, as the case may be.
(1) Except where otherwise expressly provided in this Act, an appeal from an order or decree passed under the Act shall lie in the following manner :
Every order passed by a Collector, not being -
(a) a judgment in a suit,
(b) an order passed in the course of a suit and relating to the trial thereof; or
(c) an order passed after decree and relating to the execution thereof, shall be appealable -
(i) to the Commissioner, or,
(ii) if passed by a Deputy Collector exercising the power of a Collector, to the Collector :
Provided that no second appeal shall lie to the Commissioner from an order passed by the Collector un
Every application for an Order under Rule 13 in Order IX in the First Schedule to the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (V of 1908) to set aside a decree passed ex parte, or for a review of judgment, under Section 114 of the said Code, in a suit under this Act, shall contain a statement of the injury sustained by the applicant by reason of the decree or judgment;
and no such application shall be admitted-
(a) unless the applicant has, at or before the time when the application is admitted, deposited in the Court to which the application is presented the amount, if any, which he admits to be due from him to the decree-holder or such amount as the Court may, for reasons to be recorded by it in writing, direct; or
(b) unless the Court, after considering the statement of injury, is satisfied, for rea
A decree for enhancement of rent under this Act, if passed in a suit instituted in the first eight months of an agricultural year, shall ordinarily take effect on the commencement of the agricultural year next following; and, if passed in a suit instituted in the last four months of the agricultural year, shall ordinarily take effect on the commencement of the agricultural year next but one following; but nothing in this Section shall prevent the Court from fixing, for special reasons, a later date from which any such decree shall take effect.
(1) A suit for the ejectment of a tenant, on the ground-
(a) that he has used the land in a manner which renders it unfit for the purposes of the tenancy, or
(b) that he has broken a condition on breach of which he is, under the terms of a contract between him and the landlord liable to ejectment,
shall not be entertained unless the landlord has served in the prescribed manner, a notice on the tenant specifying the particular misuse or breach complained of, and, where the misuse or breach is capable of remedy, requiring the tenant to remedy the same, and, in any case, to pay reasonable compensation for the misuse or breach, and the tenant has failed to comply within a reasonable time with that request.
(2) A decree passed in favour of a landlord in
The following Rules shall apply in the case of every raiyat ejected from a holding :
(a) When the raiyat has, before the date of this ejectment, sown or planted crops in any land comprise in the holding, he shall be entitled, at the opinion of the landlords, either to retain possession of that land and to use it for the purpose of tending and gathering in the crops or to receive from the landlord the value of the crops as estimated by the Court executing the decree for ejectment;
(b) when the raiyat has before the date of his ejectment, prepared for sowing any land comprise in his holding, but has not sown or planted crops in that land, he shall be entitled to receive from the landlord the value of the labour and capital extended by him in so preparing the land, as estimated by the Court executing the decree for ejectment, together with
When a plaintiff institutes a suit in a Civil Court for the ejectment of a trespasser, he may, if he thinks fit, claim as alternative relief that the defendant be declared liable to pay for the land in his possession a fair and equitable rent, to be determined by the Court; and the Court may grant such relief accordingly.
(1) Subject to the provisions of Section 140, the Court having jurisdiction to determine a suit for the possession of land may, on the application of either the landlord or the tenant of the land, determine all or any of the following matters, namely :
(a) the situation, quantity and boundaries of the land;
(b) the name and description of the tenant thereof (if any);
(c) the class to which he belongs, that is to say, whether he is a tenure holder, bazyaftidar, raiyat holding at fixed rates, occupancy raiyat, non-occupancy-raiyat, under-raiyat or chandnadar, and, if he is a tenure holder, whether he is a permanent tenure holder or not, and whether his rent is liable to enhancement during the continuance of his tenure; and
(d) the rent payable by him
(1) Any landlord (other than the Government) whose land is situate in an area for which a record-of-rights has been prepared and finally published and in which such record is maintained may apply the State Government through the Collector of the district in which his land is situate for the application of the procedure prescribed by the Bihar and Orissa Public Demands Recovery Act, 1914 (B. & O. Act IV of 1914) to the recovery of the arrears of rent which he alleges are or may accrue due to him for lands in such area.
(2) The State Government may reject any such application, or may allow it subject to such terms and conditions as it may see fit to impose, and may at any time and to or vary and terms or conditions so imposed, or withdraw its allowance of the application, without, in any of these cases assigning any reason for its action.
(1) Where a tenure or holding is sold in execution of-
(a) a decree for arrears of rent due in respect thereof; or
(b) a decree for damages under Section 186-A; or
© a certificate for arrears of rent signed under the Bihar and Orissa Public Demands Recovery Act, 1914 (B. & O. Act IV of 1914),
the tenure or holding shall, subject to the provisions of Section 28, pass to the purchaser-
if such decree was obtained by-
(i) a sole landlord; or
(ii) the entire body of landlords; or
(iii) one or more co-sharer landlords who has, or have, sued for the rent due to all the co-share
Where a tenure or holding is sold in execution of a decree for arrears due in respect thereof, the purchaser shall take subject to the interests defined in this Chapter as "protected interests," but with power to annul the interests defined in this Chapter as "encumbrances" :
Provided as follows :
(a) a registered and notified encumbrance within the meaning of this Chapter shall not be so annulled, except in the case hereinafter mentioned in that behalf;
(b) the power to annul shall be exerciseable only in the manner by this Chapter directed.
The following shall be deemed to be protected interests within the meaning of this Chapter :
(a) any under-tenure existing from the time of the permanent settlement;
(b) any sub-proprietary interest, bazyafti tenancy or under tenure recognized by the settlement proceedings of any current temporary settlement as a tenure at a rent fixed for the period of that settlement;
(c) any lease of land whereon dwelling houses, manufactories or other permanent buildings have been erected, or permanent gardens, plantations, tanks, canals, places of worship or burning or burying grounds have been made;
(d) any right of occupancy;
(e) the right of a non-occupancy raiyat to hold for five years, at a rent fixed under Chap
For the purposes of this Chapter-
(a) the term 'encumbrance', used with reference to a tenancy, means any lien, sub-tenancy, easement or other right or interest created by the tenant on his tenure or holding or in limitation of his own interest therein, and not being a protected interest as defined in Section 214;
(b) the term "registered and notified encumbrance" used with reference to a tenure or holding sold or liable to sale in execution of a decree for an arrear or rent due in respect thereof, means an encumbrance created by a registered instrument of, which a copy has, not less than three months before the accrual of the arrear, been served on the landlord in the manner hereinafter provided;
(c) the terms 'arrears" and "arrears of rent' shall be deemed to include interest decreed under S
When a decree has been passed for an arrear of rent due for a tenure or holding, and the decree holder applies under Sub-section (2) of Rule 11 in Order XXI in the first Schedule to the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (V of 1908) for the attachment and sale of the tenure or holding in execution of the decree, he shall produce a statement showing the pargana, estate and village in which the land comprised in the tenure or holding is situate, the yearly rent payable for the same and the total amount recoverable under the decree.
(1) Notwithstanding anything contained in the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (V of 1908), when the decree holder makes if under the application mentioned in Section 216, the Court shall, Rule 17 in Order XXI in the first Schedule to the said Code it admits the application and Orders execution of the decree as applied for, issue simultaneously the Order of attachment and the proclamation required by Rule 66 in the said Order.
(2) The proclamation shall in addition to stating and specifying the particulars mentioned in Rule 66 in the said Order, announce-
(a) in the case of a tenure or a holding of a raiyat holding at fixed rates or of a bazyaftidar, that the tenure or holding will first be put up to auction subject to the registered and notified encumbrances, and will be sold subject to those encumbrances if the sum bid is sufficient to l
(1) When a tenure or a holding at fixed rates or a holding of a bazyaftidar has been advertised for sale under Section 217, it shall be put up to auction subject to registered and notified encumbrances; and, if the bidding reaches a sum sufficient to liquidate the amount of the decree and costs, including the costs of sale, the tenure or holding shall be sold subject to such encumbrances.
(2) The purchaser at a sale under this Section may, in manner provided by Section 221 and not otherwise, annul any encumbrance upon the tenure or holding, not being a registered and notified encumbrance.
(1) If the bidding for a tenure or a holding at fixed rates or a holding of a bazyaftidar put up to auction under Section 218 does not reach a sum sufficient to liquidate the amount of the decree and costs as aforesaid, and if the decree holder thereupon desires that the tenure or holding be sold with power to avoid all encumbrances, the officer holding the sale shall adjourn the sale and make a fresh proclamation under Rule 67 in Order XXI in the first Schedule to the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (V of 1908), announcing that the tenure or holding will be put up to auction and sold, with power to avoid all encumbrances, upon a future day specified therein, not less than fifteen or more than thirty days from the date of the postponement; and upon that day the tenure or holding shall be put to auction and sold with power to avoid all encumbrances.
(2) The purchaser at a sale under
(1) When an occupancy holding, not being the holding of a bazyaftidar, has been advertised for sale under Section 217, it shall be put up to auction and sold with power to avoid all encumbrances.
(2) The purchaser at a sale under this Section may, in manner provided by Section 221 and not otherwise, annul any encumbrance on the holding.
(1) A purchaser having power to annul an encumbrance under any of the foregoing Sections, or under the Bihar and Orissa Public Demands Recovery Act, 1914 (Bihar and Orissa Act IV of 1914), and desiring to annul the same may, within one year from the date of the sale or the date on which he first has notice of the encumbrance, whichever is later, present to the Collector an application, in writing, requesting him to serve on the encumbrancer a notice declaring that the encumbrance is annulled.
(2) Every such application must be accompanied by such fee for the service of the notice as the Board of Revenue may fix in this behalf.
(3) When an application for service of a notice is made to the Collector in manner prescribed by this section, he shall cause the notice to be served in compliance therewith, and the encumbrance shall be deemed t
(1) The State Government may, by notification in the official Gazette, direct the occupancy holdings or any specified class of occupancy holdings, in any local area, which are put up for sale in execution of a decree for an arrear of rent due on them, shall, before being put up with power to avoid all encumbrances, be put up subject to registered and notified encumbrances.
(2) While any such direction remains in force in respect of any local area, all occupancy holdings, or, as the case may be, occupancy holdings of the specified class, in that local area, shall, for the purposes of sale under the foregoing Sections of this Chapter, be treated in all respects as if they were tenures.
(3) Nothing in Sub-sections (1) and (2) shall apply to the holding of bazyaftidars.
(1) In disposing of the proceeds of a sale under this Chapter, the following Rules, instead of those prescribed by Section 73 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (V of 1908), shall be observed, that is to say-
(a) there shall first be paid to the decree holder the cost incurred by him in bringing the tenure or holding to sale;
(b) there shall, in the next place, be paid to the decree-holder the amount due to him under the decree in execution of which the sale was made;
(c) if there remains a balance after these sums have been paid, there shall be paid to the decree holder therefrom any rent which may have fallen due to him in respect of the tenure or holding between the institution of the suit and the date of the sale;
(d) the balance (if any) rema
(1) Rules 58 to 63 and 89 in Order XXI in the first Schedule to the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (V of 1908), shall not apply to a tenure or holding attached in execution of a decree for arrears due thereon.
(2) When an Order for the sale of a tenure or holding in execution of such decree has been made, the tenure or holding shall not be released from attachment unless, before it is knocked down to the auction purchaser, the amount of the decree, including the costs decreed, together with the cost incurred in Order to be sale, is paid into Court, or the decree holder makes an application or the release of the tenure or holding on the ground that the decree has been satisfied out of Court.
(3) The judgment debtor, or any person having in the tenure or holding any interest voidable on the sale, may pay money into Court under this Sectio
(1) When any person having, in a tenure or holding advertised for sale under this Chapter or in execution of a certificate for arrears of rent due in respect thereof, signed under the Bihar and Orissa Public Demands Recovery Act, 1914 (Bihar and Orissa Act IV of 1914), an interest which would be voidable upon the sale, pays into Court the amount requisite to prevent the sale-
(a) the amount so paid by him shall be deemed to be a debt bearing interest at twelve-and-a-half per centum per annum and secured by a mortgage of the tenure or holding to him;
(b) his mortgage shall take priority of every other charge on the tenure or holding other than a charge for arrear of rent; and
(c) he shall be entitled to possession of the tenure or holding as mortgage of the tenant, and to retain possession of i
When a tenure or holding is advertised for sale-
(a) under this Chapter, in execution of a decree against a superior tenant defaulting, or
(b) in execution of a certificate, signed under the Bihar and Orissa Public Demands Recovery Act, 1914 (Bihar and Orissa Act IV of 1914), for arrears of rent due in respect of the tenure or holding from a superior tenant defaulting, and an inferior tenant, whose interest would be voidable upon the sale, pays money into Court in Order to prevent the sale,
he may, in addition to any other remedy for him by law, deduct the whole or any portion of the amount so paid from any rent payable by him to his immediate landlord; and that landlord, if he is not the defaulter, may in like manner deduct the amount so deducted from any rent payable by him to his immediate
(1) Notwithstanding anything contained in Rule 72 in Order XXI in the first Schedule to the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (V of 1908), the holder of a decree in execution of which a tenure or holding is sold under this Chapter may, without the permission of the Court, bid for or purchase the tenure or holding.
(2) The judgment-debtor shall not bid for or purchase a tenure or holding so sold.
(3) When a judgment-debtor purchase by himself or through another person a tenure or holding so sold, the Court may, if it thinks fit, on the application of the decree holder or any other person interested in the sale, by Order set aside the sale; and the costs of the application and Order, and any deficiency of price which may happen on the resale, and all expenses attending it, shall be paid by the judgment-debtor.
(1) Rules 89 and 90 of Order XXI in the First Schedule to the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (V of 1908), shall not apply in cases where a tenure or holding has been sold for arrears of rent due thereon, but in such cases the judgment debtor, or any person whose interests are affected by the sale, may, at any time within thirty days from the date of the sale, apply to the Court to set aside the sale, on his depositing-
(a) for payment to the decree holder, the amount recoverable under the decree up to the date when the deposit is made, with costs;
(b) for payment to the auction purchaser, as penalty a sum equal to five per cent of the purchase money, but not less than one rupee.
(2) Where a tenure or holding has been sold for arrears of rent due thereon, the decree holder, the judgment-debtor
(1) Where no application is made under Sub-section (1) of Section 228 within thirty days from the date of sale or where such application is made and disallowed, the Court shall make an Order confirming the sale and thereupon the sale shall become absolute.
(2) Where such application is made and allowed, and where in the case of an application under Sub-section (1) of Section 228 the deposit required by the sub-section is made thirty days from the date of sale, the Court shall make an Order setting aside the sale :
Provided that no Order shall be made unless notice of the application has been given to all persons affected thereby.
(3) Where a sale is set aside under this Section, the purchaser shall be entitled to an Order against any person to whom the purchase money has been paid for its r
Notwithstanding anything contained in Part IV of the Indian Registration Act, 1908 (XVI of 1908) an instrument creating an encumbrance upon any tenure or holding, which has been executed before the commencement of this Act and is not required by Section 17 of the said Registration Act to be registered, shall be accepted for registration under that Act if it is presented for that purpose to the proper officer within one year from the commencement of this Act.
Every officer who has, whether before or after the commencement of this Act, registered an instrument executed by a tenant of a tenure or holding and creating an encumbrance on the tenure or holding, shall at the request of tenant or of the person in whose favour the encumbrance is created, and on payment by him of such fee as the State Government may fix in this behalf notify the encumbrance to the landlord by causing a copy of the instrument to be served on him in the prescribed manner.
Nothing contained in this Chapter shall be deemed to enable a person to create an encumbrance which he could not otherwise lawfully create.
(1) Nothing in any contract between a landlord and a tenant, whether made before or after the commencement of this Act,-
(a) shall bar in perpetuity the acquisition of an occupancy right in land, or
(b) shall take away an occupancy-right in existence at the date of the contract, or
(c) shall entitle a landlord to eject a tenant otherwise than in accordance with the provisions of this Act, or
(d) shall take away or limit the right of a tenant as provided by this Act, to make improvements and claim compensation for them.
(2) Nothing in any contract made between a landlord and a tenant within a period of six years immediately preceding the commencement of this Act, shall prevent a raiyat from acquiring, in
Nothing in this Act shall be deemed to prevent a proprietor or a holder of a permanent tenure in a permanently settled area from granting a permanent mukarrari lease on any terms agreed on between him and his tenant.
(1) Notwithstanding anything in this Act, a raiyat-
(a) who, in any part of the country where the custom of utbandi prevails, holds land ordinarily let under that custom and for the time being let under that custom, or
(b) who holds land of the kind known as char or diara,
shall not acquired a right of occupancy-
in case (a), in land ordinarily held under the custom of utbandi and for the time being held under that custom, or
in case (b) in the char or diara land,
until he has held the land in question for twelve continuous years; and, until he acquires a right of occupancy in the land, he shall be liable to pay such rent for this holding as may be agreed on
(1) When any land is held as a ghatwali or other service tenure and the holder of such tenure ceases to perform the service for any reason whatsoever he shall on an application filed either by a landlord or by the holder of such tenure be liable to pay such rent in cash for the use and occupation of the land, as may be determined by the Collector. Upon such determination of the cash-rent the incident of the said tenure shall be regulated by the provisions of this Act applicable to land held by an occupancy raiyat notwithstanding anything contained thereunder:
Provided that if the service is rendered to a religious or charitable institution and not to a person or a family; or if the service is for the public in general, or for the Government the holder of such a service tenure shall not have the benefit of this Section.
(2) In determini
(1) Notwithstanding anything in this Act, the incidents of tenancy of any tenant, including the holder of a service tenure, in respect of the homestead in which such tenant ordinarily resides, shall be regulated by the provisions of this Act, applicable to land held by an occupancy raiyat :
Provided that when a homestead is held as a service tenure or a part thereof and the holder of such tenure ceases to perform the service, he shall be liable to pay such rent for the occupation of the homestead as may be determined by the Collector on an application filed either by the landlord or by the holder of such tenure.
Explanation-A Chandnadar is also a tenant within the meaning to this Sub-section.
(2) Save as otherwise expressly provided in this Act the incidents of tenancy of a Chandnadar in re
Nothing in this Act shall affect any custom, usage or customary right not inconsistent with, or not expressly or by necessary implication modified or abolished by, its provisions.
Illustrations
(1) The custom or usage whereby the right of a non-occupancy raiyat is heritable is not inconsistent with and is not expressly or by necessary implication modified or abolished by, the provisions of this Act. That custom or usage, accordingly, wherever it exists, will not be affected by this Act.
(2) The custom or usage, that an under-raiyat should, under certain circumstances, acquire a right of occupancy is not inconsistent with, and is not expressly or by necessary implication modified or abolished by, the provisions of this Act. That custom or usage, accordingly, wherever it exists, will not be af
(1) The suits, appeals and applications specified in Schedule III shall be instituted and made within the time prescribed in that Schedule for them respectively; and every such suit or appeal instituted, or application made, after the period of limitation so prescribed, shall be dismissed, although limitation has not been pleaded.
(2) Nothing in this Section shall receive the right to institute any suit or appeal or make any application which would have been barred by limitation if it had been instituted or made immediately before the commencement of this Act.
Legal Comments
"Scope" - Section 238 prescribes limitation for Orissa Tenancy Act, 1913 proceedings, applying to suits, appeals and applications listed in Schedule III -
"Subject matter" - The phrase “suits, appeals and applications” in Section 238 relates specifically to those proceedings enumerated in Schedule III of the OT Act, 1913 -
"Schedule III" - The limitation framework for OT Act proceedings is determined by the time periods set out in Schedule III -
"Sub-section (2)" - Section 238(2) expressly provides that the Indian Limitation Act, 1908 applies to all suits, appeals and applications mentioned in Section 238 -
"Constitution of time limits" - The OT Act, 1913 uses the general limitation regime to bar relief if proceedings are not instituted within the prescribed periods -
"Uniform application" - By tying OT Act proceedings to Schedule III and to the Indian Limitation Act, Section 238 ensures uniform treatment of limitation across relevant tenancy disputes -
"Bare bones of limitation" - Section 238 operates as a bar to maintainability where time limits are not observed, regardless of merits, for the enumerated proceedings -
"Judicial interpretation context" - Jurisprudence treats limitation under OT Act provisions as governed by the Indian Limitation Act framework, with court scrutiny on whether time bars are satisfied before addressing merits - [SARI DIBYA VS JAIRAM BEHERA]
"Fraud-related exceptions" - When limitation issues intersect with alleged fraud, Section 18 of the Indian Limitation Act may influence whether a particular OT Act proceeding remains actionable, as discussed in related limitation contexts - [SARI DIBYA VS JAIRAM BEHERA]
"Pending proceedings relevance" - Related discussions in OT Act jurisprudence reflect that limitation considerations can interact with whether proceedings are maintainable, stayed, or remanded, depending on timing and evidence (illustrative context from limitation-case discussions) - [SARI DIBYA VS JAIRAM BEHERA]
"Retrospective amendments and limitation" - While Section 238 itself concerns limitations, surrounding OT Act case law shows how legislative changes interact with ongoing proceedings, reinforcing the need to file timely under Schedule III while considering any saving provisions in related statutes (contextual reference) - [SARI DIBYA VS JAIRAM BEHERA]
"Limitations computation caution" - The proper computation of limitation under OT Act proceedings requires alignment with the Indian Limitation Act framework, ensuring no inadvertent bar due to miscalculation or misclassification of the applicable category -
"Caveat on content coverage" - Since Schedule III content is not reproduced here, practitioners should verify the exact categories and periods applicable to their OT Act proceedings to determine whether Section 238 applies in their case -
"Interplay with other Acts" - In practice, limitation issues in OT Act matters may intersect with provisions in related Acts (e.g., limitations on remedies, saving provisions for pending matters) as reflected in cross-referenced limitation discourse, requiring careful statutory navigation - [SARI DIBYA VS JAIRAM BEHERA]
"Practical takeaway" - For any OT Act, 1913 proceeding brought under Schedule III, counsel should first confirm the applicable limitation period before proceeding to plead or argue on merits, since failure to observe Section 238 leads to possible dismissal or non-maintainability -
"Textual anchor" - The guiding text for Section 238 is that limitation applies to the enumerated proceedings and is anchored to Schedule III, with the Indian Limitation Act applying to computation and exceptions -
(1) Sections 6 to 9 of the Indian Limitation Act, 1908 (IX of 1908), shall not apply to the suits and applications mentioned in Section 238.
(2) Subject to the provisions of this Chapter, the provisions of the Indian Limitation Act, 1908 (IX of 1908), shall apply to all suits, appeals and applications mentioned in Section 238.
(1) If any person, otherwise than in accordance with this Act or some other enactment for the time being in force,-
(a) distrains or attempts to distrain the produce of a tenant's holding, or
(b) resists a distraint duly made under this Act, or forcibly or clandestinely removes any property duly distrained under this Act, or
(c) except with the authority or consent of the tenant, prevents or attempts to prevent the reaping, gathering, storing, removing or otherwise dealing with any produce of a holding.
he shall be deemed to have committed criminal trespass within the meaning of the Indian Penal Code (XLV of 1860).
(2) Any person who abets, within the meaning of the Indian Penal Code, (XLV of 1860) the d
(1) When, in any suit under this Act, the tenant renounces his character as tenant of the landlord by setting up without reasonable or probable cause title in a third person or himself, the Court may pass a decree in favour of the landlord for such amount of damages, not exceeding ten times the amount of the annual rent payable by the tenant, as it may consider to be just.
(2) The amount of damages decreed under Sub-section (1), together with any interest falling due thereon, shall, object to the landlord's charge for rent, be a first charge on the tenure or holding of the tenant; and the landlord may execute such decree for damages and interest, either as a decree for a sum of money or, subject to the provisions of Section 242, any of the modes in which a decree for rent may be executed.
(1) Any appearance, application or act in, before or to any Court or authority, required or authorized by this Act to be made or done by a landlord, may, unless the Court or authority otherwise directs, be made or done also by an agent empowered in this behalf by a written authority under the hand of the landlord.
(2) Every notice required by this Act to be served on, or given to, a landlord shall, if served on or given to, an agent empowered as aforesaid to accept service of or receive the same on behalf of the landlord, be as effectual for the purposes of this Act as if it had been served on, or given to, the landlord in person.
(3) Every document required by this Act to be signed or certified by a landlord, except an instrument appointing or authorizing an agent, may be signed or certified by an agent of the landlord authorized in w
Where two or more persons are joint landlords, anything which the landlord is under this Act required or authorised to do must be done either by both or all those persons acting together, or by an agent authorized to act on behalf of both or all of them.
Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act, every suit under this Act instituted by -
(a) a sole landlord,
(b) the entire body of landlords, or
(c) one or more co-sharer landlord.
shall be subject to the provisions of Sections 192 to 194;
and to every decree referred to in Sub-section (1) of Section 212, and to every decree in a suit framed under Section 199, the provisions of Chapter XIV shall, so far as may be practicable, be applicable.
The State Government may, by notification in the official Gazette, make Rules-
(1) to regulate the procedure to be followed by Revenue Officers in the discharge of any duty imposed, or the exercise of any power conferred, upon them by or under this Act, and may by such Rules confer upon any such officer-
(a) any power exercised by a Civil Court in the trial of suits;
(b) power to enter upon any land, and to survey, demarcate and make a map of the same, and any power exercisable by any officer under the Bengal Survey Act, 1875 (Bengal Act V of 1875); and
(c) power to cut and thresh the crops on any land and weigh the produce, with a view to estimating the capabilities of the soil;
(2) to prescribe the of
All powers conferred by this Act for making Rules are subject to the condition that the Rules be made after previous publication.
Where the area comprised in a tenancy is situated in an estate which has never been permanently settled, nothing in this Act shall prevent the enhancement of the rent upon the expiration of a temporary settlement of the land revenue, unless the right to hold beyond the term of the settlement at a particular rate of rent has been expressly recognised in settlement proceedings by a revenue authority empowered by the Government to make definitely or confirm settlement.
When a landlord grants a lease, or makes any other contract, purporting to entitle the tenant of land not included in an area permanently settled to hold that land free of rent or a particular rent, and while the lease or contract is in force-
(a) land revenue is for the first time made payable in respect of the land, or;
(b) land revenue having been previously payable in respect of it, a fresh settlement of land revenue is made,
a Revenue Officer may, notwithstanding anything in the contract between the parties by order, on the application of the landlord or of the tenant, or of his own motion, fix a fair and equitable rent for the land in accordance with the provisions of this Act.
(1) Whenever from any cause the payment of the whole or any part of the land revenue payable in respect of any land, not included in an area which has been permanently settled, is remitted or suspended, a Revenue Officer may, by general or special Order, remit or suspended, as the case may be, the payment of the rent of that land to an amount which may bear the same proportion to the whole of the rent payable in respect of the land as the land revenue of which the payment has been remitted or suspended bears to the whole of the land revenue payable in respect of the land, and may distribute the amount so remitted or suspended amongst the tenants holding such land as may seem to him to be equitable, having regard to the effect on their tenures or holdings of the cause which has led to the remission or suspension of the land revenue :
Provided that where the rent is taken by actual
The provisions of this Act applicable to arrears of rent and suits and proceedings for the recovery thereof, shall, as far as may be, apply to anything payable or deliverable in respect of-
(a) any sub-proprietary interest,
(b) any nij-jote, khamar, khudkast or nij-chas land held by co-sharers;
(c) any land held by co-sharers, under the provisions of Sub-sections (2) and (3) of Section 26;
(d) any rights of pasturage, forest rights, rights over fisheries and the like; and
(e) any registration fees prescribed in Sections 14, 15, 16 or 31-B.
Where a proprietor, sub-proprietor or permanent tenure holder holds his estate, sub-proprietary interest or tenure subject to the observance of any specified Rule or condition, nothing in this Act shall entitle any person occupying land within the estate, sub-proprietary interest or tenure to do any act which involves a violation of that Rule or condition.
Nothing in this Act shall affect-
(a) the powers and duties of Settlement Officers as defined by any law not expressly repealed by this Act;
(b) any enactment regulating the procedure for the realisation of rents in estates belonging to the Government or under the management of the Court of Wards or of the revenue authorities;
(c) any enactment relating to the avoidance of tenancies and encumbrances by a sale for arrears of the Government revenue;
(d) any enactment relating to the partition of revenue-paying estates;
(e) any enactment relating to patni tenures, in so far as it relates to those tenures; or
(f) any other special or local law not repealed either
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