Judgement

B. K. MUKHERJEA J.- The appellant before us, who in the year 1947 was a Revenue Officer in the District of Warangal within the State of Hyderabad, was brought to trial before the Special Judge of Warangal appointed under Regulation No. 10 of 1359-F., on charges of murder, attempt to murder, arson, rioting and other offences punishable under various sections of the Hyderabad Penal Code. The offences were alleged to have been committed on or about 9-12-1947 and the First Information Report was lodged, a considerable time afterwards, on 31-1-1949. On 28-8-1949 there was an order in terms of S. 3 of the Special Tribunal Regulation No. 5 of 1358-F which was in force at that time, directing the appellant to be tried by the Special Tribunal (A). The accused being a public officer, the sanction of the Military Governor was necessary to prosecute him and this sanction was given on 20-9-1949. On 13-12-1949, a new Regulation, being Regulation No. 10 of 1359-F, was passed by the Hyderabad Government which ended the Special Tribunals created under the previous Regulation on and from 16-12-1949; and consequently upon such termination provided for the appointment, power and procedure of Special Judges. Section 4 of the Regulation authorised the Chief Minister to appoint, after consulting the High Court, as many Special Judges as may from time to time be required for the purpose of S. 5 Section 5 (1) laid down that every special Judges shall try-

(a) such offences of which the trial was immediately before 16-12-1949 pending before a Special Tribunal deemed to have been dissolved on that date, and are made over to him for trial by the Chief Minister or by a person authorised by the Chief Minister in this behalf; and

(b) such offences as are after the commencement of this Regulation made over to him for trial by the Chief Minister or by a person authorised by the Chief Minister in this behalf.

On 5-1-1950 the case against the appellant was made over to Dr. Lakshman Rao, a Special Judge of Warangal, who was appointed under the above Regulation under an order of the Civil Administrator, Warangal, to whom authority under S. 5 of the Regulation, was delegated by the Chief Minister and on the same date the Special Judge took cognizance of the offences. The trial commenced on and from 11-2-1950 and altogether 21 witnesses were examined for the prosecution and one for the defence. The Special Judge, by his judgment, dated 8-5-1950, convicted the appellant of all the offences with which he was charged and sentenced him to death under S. 243, Hyderabad Penal Code (corresponding to S. 302, Indian Penal Code) and to various terms of imprisonment under Ss. 248, 368, 282 and 124 of the Code of Hyderabad (which correspond respectively to Ss. 307, 436, 342 and 148 of the Indian Code). Against this judgment the appellant took an appeal to the High Court of Hyderabad and the appeal was first heard by a Division Bench consisting of Shripat Rao and S. Ali Khan JJ. On 29-9-1950 the learned Judges delivered differing judgments, Shripat Rao J., taking the view that the appeal should be dismissed, while the other learned Judge expressed the opinion that the appeal ought to be allowed and the accused acquitted. The case was then referred to Manohar Prasad J., as a third Judge and by his judgment dated 11-12-1950, the learned Judge agreed with the opinion of Shripat Rao J., and dismissed the appeal upholding the conviction and sentences passed by the Special Judge. The appellant then presented an application for leave to appeal to this Court. That application was rejected by the High Court of Hyderabad, but special leave to appeal was granted by this Court on 11-5-1951 and it is on the strength of this special leave that the appeal has come before us.

2. The present hearing of the appeal is confined to certain constitutional points which have been raised by the appellant attacking the legality of the entire trial which resulted in his conviction on the ground that