Judgment

K. N. WANCHOO J.: This petition under Art. 32 of the Constitution challenges the legality of the notification dated July 30, 1958, (hereinafter called the impugned notification), issued by the Government of India fixing the ex-factory price per maund of sugar produced in Punjab, Uttar Pradesh and North Bihar. It has been supported by two sets of interveners consisting of sugar factories in these areas who did not join the petition.

2. The case of the petitioners is that the Essential Commodities Act, (X of 1955), (hereinafter called the Act) was passed by Parliament in 1955, for the control of the production, supply and distribution of, and trade and commerce in, certain commodities which included sugar. By S. 3 of the Act, the Central Government was given the power, if it was of opinion that it was necessary or expedient so to do for maintaining or increasing supplies of any essential commodity or for securing their equitable distribution and availability at fair prices, to provide by order for regulating or prohibiting the production, supply and distribution thereof and trade and commerce therein. Section 3(2) further provided inter alia for controlling the price at which any essential commodity might be bought or sold. In exercise of these powers, the Central Government promulgated the Sugar (Control) Order, 1955, (hereinafter called the Order) on August 27, 1955. Clause 5 of the Order gave power to the Central Government, by notification in the Official Gazette, to fix the price or the maximum price at which any sugar might be sold or delivered, and different prices might be fixed for different areas/factories or different types or grades of sugar. Such price or maximum price had to be fixed with due regard to various factors, with which we shall deal later. On June 27, 1958 the Central Government promulgated the sugar Export Promotion Ordinance, No. V of 1958, empowering it to appoint an export agency for carrying out the work of buying sugar in the Indian market and exporting the same to foreign markets and fixing the quantity of sugar for export. The Central Government was also authorised by that Ordinance to fix quotas apportioning the quantity of sugar to be supplied by each factory for export and levy an additional excise duty at the rate of Rs. 17 per maund on any factory failing to deliver its quota of sugar for export. On the same day, three notifications were issued: (1) fixing 50,000 tons of sugar as the quantity to be exported out of India during the period ending October 31, 1958, (2) appointing the Indian Sugar Mills Association, Calcutta, as the export agency, and (3) delegating the powers conferred on the Central Government to the Chief Director of Sugar and Vanaspati, Ministry of Food and Agriculture also. Then followed the impugned notification fixing ex-factory prices of sugar produced by the factories in Punjab, Uttar Pradesh and North Bihar. It is being challenged on the ground that the price fixed is considerably below the cost of production and ignores various factors affecting the cost of production and distribution of sugar including charges incidental to sale and distribution. The impugned notification is also attacked on the ground that it did not fix any price at which the persons purchasing sugar from the mills would sell it, so that it was open to the middleman who bought sugar from the factories to sell it at any price, us creating discrimination between factories and factories and between the producers selling sugar and the middlemen who buy sugar selling the same in their turn. It is also alleged that fixing of the price was arbitrary and did not take into account the cost of production of a large number of units in the country and did not provide for a fair and equitable distribution of sugar in the country at a price in any way related to the price at which the factories were compelled to sell their products. Consequently, the petitioners prayed for an appropriate order, direction