1. Investigation transferred to CBI — PIL seeking arrest of officer — High Court dismissal of petition and appeal. (Para 1 , 2 , 3 )
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1995 Supreme(SC) 510
SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
A.M. AHMADI, C.J.I. AND K.S. PARIPOORNAN AND SUJATA V. MANOHAR, JJ.
DIRECTOR, CENTRAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION AND OTHERS
Versus
NIYAMAVEDI REPRESENTED BY ITS MEMBER K. NANDINI, ADVOCATE AND OTHERS
SLP (Crl.) No. 942 of 1995{From the Judgment and Order dated 13-1-1995 of the Kerala High Court in Crl. W.A. No. 1676 of 1994}
Decided on 5-5-1995
Advocates appeared:
D.P. Gupta, Solicitor General, K.T.S. Tulsi, Additional Solicitor General and K. Parasaran, Senior Advocate (K. Swamy and P. Parameswaran, Advocates, with them) for the Petitioners;
A.X. Verghese and M.K.D. Namboodiry, Advocates, for the Respondents.
Advocates:
A.X.VARGHESE, D.P.GUPTA, K.PARASARAN ATTORNEY, K.SWAMY, K.T.S.Tulsi, M.K.D.NAMBUDIRY, P.PARMESHVARAN
A.X.VARGHESE, D.P.GUPTA, K.PARASARAN ATTORNEY, K.SWAMY, K.T.S.Tulsi, M.K.D.NAMBUDIRY, P.PARMESHVARAN
Courts should not interfere in ongoing investigations by directing the inclusion of accused persons or disclosing materials from police diaries and statements under Sections 162 and 172 CrPC, as premature observations can derail the investigation and demoralize the investigating agency.
Headnote:Investigation - Court should refram from interfering at a pre-mature stage of investigation - It should refrain from disclosing in its order material contained in case diary and statements and to make comments on manner in which investigation was being conducted. (Para 4)
Legal Category Hierarchy
Table of Contents
2. Challenge to High Court's disclosure of case diary materials and premature observations regarding the conduct of the investigation. (Para 3 )
3. Disclosure of police diaries and statements during ongoing investigations is restricted; premature judicial comments may derail investigations and demoralize investigating agencies. (Para 4 )
4. Courts should not interfere in investigations at a premature stage or disclose materials restricted under Sections 162 and 172 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. (Para 4 )
5. Special leave petition disposed of; adverse comments against the investigating agency and specific directions to the Director are set aside. (Para 4 , 5 )
6. Can a court direct an investigating officer to include a specific person as an accused while the investigation is ongoing?
No, the court held that no court has the power to direct the investigating officer to include a person as an accused in a case while the investigation is still in progress. (Para 3 )
7. To what extent can courts use or disclose police statements and case diaries during an investigation?
Under Sections 162 and 172 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, only very limited use can be made of statements to the police and police diaries, and courts should refrain from disclosing such material in their orders. (Para 4 )
8. Why should courts avoid making comments on the conduct of an investigation at a premature stage?
Courts should refrain from interfering or making adverse comments at a premature stage because such actions may derail the investigation and demoralize the investigating agency. (Para 4 )
JUDGMENT
SUJATA V. MANOHAR, J.- Investigation regarding Crime Nos. 225 of 1994 and 246 of 1994 of Police Station Vanchiyoor, District Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala State in what has come to be known as the ISRO Espionage case, were initially carried out by the State Police. On 3-12-1994, at the request of the State of Kerala, investigation was entrusted to the Central Bureau of Investigation by the Government of India. Consequently, cases RC 10(S)/94 and RC 11(S)/94 were registered in SIC. II Branch of the Central Bureau of Investigation. On completion of investigation in RC 10(S)/94, a charge-sheet has been filed before the Chief Judicial Magistrate, Ernakulam, Kerala on 17-12-1994. Investigation of case RC 11(S)/94 is continuing.
2. After the entrustment of the investigation to the Central Bureau of Investigation on 3-12-1994, and while the investigation was in progress, O.P. No. 17367 of 1994 was filed on 13-12-1994 in the High Court of Kerala by an organisation called Niyamavedi being public interest litigation, praying that the first respondent, Raman Srivastava, IPS, Inspector General of Police, Southern Zone, Kerala State, Trivandrum, be arrested by the Director, CBI, New Delhi for his alleged involvement in the said case and for a direction to the State of Kerala to suspend and remove the first respondent from service. A learned Single Judge of the High Court dismissed the petition with the observation that the power of interference of the Court in the subject in hand at that stage was very limited. He also recorded the statement of the State Government to the effect that the Government had no interest in unduly defending or shielding any officer and that the Government would proceed in the matter only when report from the CBI, which is investigating in the case, is received.
3. In appeal, a Division Bench of the Kerala High Court, after a detailed judgment, rightly dismissed the appeal holding that no court has power to direct the investigating officer to include a person as an accused in the case while the investigation is in progress. The petitioners before us, who are the Director, CBI, Home Secretary, Ministry of Home Affairs, Director, Research and Analysis Wing and Director, Central Intelligence Bureau, however, have come before us asking for special leave to appeal from the appellate order of the Kerala High Court in view of certain observations which have been made by the Division Bench in the course of its order dismissing the appeal.
4. The petitioners had, as directed by the Division Bench, produced for perusal of the Court case diaries of the Kerala State Police as well as of the CBI relating to the investigations carried out in respect of the said crimes including the statements recorded in the course of investigation and certain video cassettes in that connection. These were perused by the Division Bench in chambers. However, a reference at some length has been made in the course of the judgment to the material disclosed in the course of investigation, presumably, in order to examine the contention relating to the alleged involvement of the first respondent in the crimes in question. Clearly, under the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, only a very limited use can be made of the statements to the police and police diaries, even in the course of the trial, as set out in Sections 162 and 172 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. The Division Bench, therefore, should have refrained from disclosing in its order, material contained in these diaries and statements, especially when the investigation in the very case was in progress. It should also have refrained from making any comments on the manner in which investigation was being conducted by the CBI, looking to the fact that the investigation was far from complete. Any observations which may amount to interference in the investigation, should not be made. Ordinarily the Court should refrain from interfering at a premature stage of the investigation as that may derail
