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2023 Supreme(SC) 1253

SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
Dhananjaya Y Chandrachud, CJI., J B Pardiwala, Manoj Misra, JJ.
Dilip B Jiwrajka - Petitioner
Versus
Union of India & Ors. - Respondents
Writ Petition (Civil) No 1281 of 2021, W.P.(C) No. 149/2022, W.P.(C) No. 307/2022, W.P.(C) No. 308/2022, W.P.(C) No. 525/2022, W.P.(C) No. 472/2022, W.P.(C) No. 528/2022, W.P.(C) No. 519/2022, W.P.(C) No. 544/2022, W.P.(C) No. 546/2022, W.P.(C) No. 599/2022, W.P.(C) No. 600/2022, W.P.(C) No. 597/2022, W.P.(C) No. 590/2022, W.P.(C) No. 611/2022, W.P.(C) No. 615/2022, W.P.(C) No. 622/2022, W.P.(C) No. 596/2022, W.P.(C) No. 703/2022, W.P.(C) No. 705/2022, W.P.(C) No. 753/2022, W.P.(C) No. 826/2022, W.P.(C) No. 984/2022, W.P.(C) No. 812/2022, W.P.(C) No. 809/2022, W.P.(C) No. 818/2022, W.P.(C) No. 825/2022, W.P.(C) No. 910/2022, W.P.(C) No. 925/2022, W.P.(C) No. 1062/2022, W.P.(C) No. 1004/2022, W.P.(C) No. 929/2022, W.P.(C) No. 937/2022, W.P.(C) No. 1027/2022, W.P.(C) No. 1113/2022, W.P.(C) No. 89/2023, W.P.(C) No. 133/2023, W.P.(C) No. 216/2023, W.P.(C) No. 403/2022, W.P.(C) No. 385/2022, W.P.(C) No. 388/2022, W.P.(C) No. 395/2022, W.P.(C) No. 394/2022, W.P.(C) No. 424/2022, W.P.(C) No. 443/2022, W.P.(C) No. 428/2022, W.P.(C) No. 709/2022, W.P.(C) No. 418/2022, W.P.(C) No. 416/2022, W.P.(C) No. 417/2022, W.P.(C) No. 491/2022, W.P.(C) Diary No. 18674/2022, W.P.(C) No. 485/2022, W.P.(C) No. 486/2022, W.P.(C) No. 467/2022, W.P.(C) No. 471/2022, W.P.(C) No. 478/2022, W.P.(C) No. 530/2022, W.P.(C) No. 541/2022, W.P.(C) No. 559/2022, W.P.(C) No. 551/2022, W.P.(C) No. 567/2022, W.P.(C) No. 578/2022, W.P.(C) No. 755/2022, W.P.(C) No. 570/2022, W.P.(C) No. 616/2022, W.P.(C) No. 560/2022, W.P.(C) No. 583/2022, W.P.(C) No. 582/2022, W.P.(C) No. 654/2022, W.P.(C) No. 652/2022, W.P.(C) No. 638/2022, W.P.(C) No. 635/2022, W.P.(C) No. 601/2022, W.P.(C) No. 634/2022, W.P.(C) No. 649/2022, W.P.(C) No. 647/2022, W.P.(C) No. 668/2022, W.P.(C) No. 657/2022, W.P.(C) No. 684/2022, W.P.(C) No. 655/2022, W.P.(C) No. 674/2022, W.P.(C) No. 692/2022, W.P.(C) No. 510/2022, W.P.(C) No. 714/2022, W.P.(C) No. 729/2022, W.P.(C) No. 663/2022, W.P.(C) No. 726/2022, W.P.(C) No. 666/2022, W.P.(C) No. 670/2022, W.P.(C) No. 776/2022, W.P.(C) No. 760/2022, W.P.(C) No. 696/2022, W.P.(C) No. 707/2022, W.P.(C) No. 736/2022, W.P.(C) No. 887/2022, W.P.(C) No. 885/2022, W.P.(C) No. 766/2022, W.P.(C) No. 683/2022, W.P.(C) No. 791/2022, W.P.(C) No. 794/2022, W.P.(C) No. 700/2022, W.P.(C) No. 716/2022, W.P.(C) No. 717/2022, W.P.(C) No. 733/2022, W.P.(C) No. 720/2022, W.P.(C) No. 724/2022, W.P.(C) No. 773/2022, W.P.(C) No. 816/2022, W.P.(C) No. 752/2022, W.P.(C) No. 789/2022, W.P.(C) No. 759/2022, W.P.(C) No. 754/2022, W.P.(C) No. 781/2022, W.P.(C) No. 785/2022, W.P.(C) No. 803/2022, W.P.(C) No. 784/2022, W.P.(C) No. 807/2022, W.P.(C) No. 800/2022, W.P.(C) No. 834/2022, W.P.(C) No. 821/2022, W.P.(C) No. 832/2022, W.P.(C) No. 858/2022, W.P.(C) No. 835/2022, W.P.(C) No. 837/2022, W.P.(C) No. 863/2022, W.P.(C) No. 894/2022, W.P.(C) No. 1084/2022, W.P.(C) No. 839/2022, W.P.(C) No. 830/2022, W.P.(C) No. 886/2022, W.P.(C) No. 854/2022, W.P.(C) No. 868/2022, W.P.(C) No. 842/2022, W.P.(C) No. 862/2022, W.P.(C) No. 884/2022, W.P.(C) No. 870/2022, W.P.(C) No. 873/2022, W.P.(C) No. 909/2022, W.P.(C) No. 849/2022, W.P.(C) No. 831/2022, W.P.(C) No. 843/2022, W.P.(C) No. 901/2022, W.P.(C) No. 907/2022, W.P.(C) No. 917/2022, W.P.(C) No. 916/2022, W.P.(C) No. 845/2022, W.P.(C) No. 889/2022, W.P.(C) No. 922/2022, W.P.(C) No. 924/2022, W.P.(C) No. 921/2022, W.P.(C) No. 935/2022, W.P.(C) No. 893/2022, W.P.(C) No. 895/2022, W.P.(C) No. 914/2022, W.P.(C) No. 900/2022, W.P.(C) No. 920/2022, W.P.(C) No. 923/2022, W.P.(C) No. 938/2022, W.P.(C) No. 934/2022, W.P.(C) No. 949/2022, W.P.(C) No. 1121/2022, W.P.(C) No. 822/2022, W.P.(C) No. 1061/2022, W.P.(C) No. 1042/2022, W.P.(C) No. 1041/2022, W.P.(C) No. 1040/2022, W.P.(C) Diary No. 29889/2022, W.P.(C) No. 941/2022, W.P.(C) No. 1072/2022, W.P.(C) No. 945/2022, W.P.(C) No. 1043/2022, W.P.(C) No. 947/2022, W.P.(C) No. 1044/2022, W.P.(C) No. 976/2022, W.P.(C) No. 952/2022, W.P.(C) No. 972/2022, W.P.(C) No. 905/2022, W.P.(C) No. 939/2022, W.P.(C) No. 997/2022, W.P.(C) No. 8/2023, W.P.(C) No. 957/2022, W.P.(C) No. 992/2022, W.P.(C) No. 996/2022, W.P.(C) No. 1099/2022, W.P.(C) No. 1048/2022, W.P.(C) No. 5/2023, W.P.(C) Diary No(s). 36132/2022, W.P.(C) No. 1003/2022, W.P.(C) No. 1008/2022, W.P.(C) No. 1006/2022, W.P.(C) No. 1007/2022, W.P.(C) No. 1033/2022, W.P.(C) No. 1032/2022, W.P.(C) No. 1083/2022, W.P.(C) No. 11/2023, W.P.(C) No. 1114/2022, W.P.(C) No. 17/2023, W.P.(C) No. 1117/2022, W.P.(C) No. 1118/2022, W.P.(C) No. 1147/2022, W.P.(C) No. 1139/2022, W.P.(C) No. 1149/2022, W.P.(C) No. 94/2023, W.P.(C) No. 13/2023, W.P.(C) No. 81/2023, W.P.(C) No. 127/2023, W.P.(C) No. 73/2023, W.P.(C) No. 46/2023, W.P.(C) No. 92/2023, W.P.(C) No. 91/2023, W.P.(C) No. 61/2023, W.P.(C) No. 72/2023, W.P.(C) No. 70/2023, W.P.(C) No. 111/2023, W.P.(C) No. 120/2023, W.P.(C) No. 109/2023, W.P.(C) No. 96/2023, W.P.(C) No. 110/2023, W.P.(C) No. 114/2023, W.P.(C) No. 117/2023, W.P.(C) No. 134/2023, W.P.(C) No. 145/2023, W.P.(C) Diary No(s). 36130/2022, W.P.(C) Diary No(s). 40974/2022, W.P.(C) Diary No(s). 42246/2022, W.P.(C) No. 118/2023, W.P.(C) No. 77/2023, W.P.(C) No. 173/2023, W.P.(C) No. 233/2023, W.P.(C) No. 166/2023, W.P.(C) Diary No(s). 4241/2023, W.P.(C) Diary No(s). 4379/2023, W.P.(C) No. 161/2023, W.P.(C) No. 181/2023, W.P.(C) No. 183/2023, W.P.(C) No. 286/2023, W.P.(C) No. 298/2023, W.P.(C) No. 182/2023, W.P.(C) No. 194/2023, W.P.(C) No. 285/2023, W.P.(C) No. 189/2023, W.P.(C) No. 180/2023, W.P.(C) No. 609/2023, W.P.(C) No. 245/2023, W.P.(C) No. 203/2023, W.P.(C) No. 215/2023, W.P.(C) No. 200/2023, W.P.(C) No. 265/2023, W.P.(C) No. 249/2023, W.P.(C) No. 295/2023, W.P.(C) No. 217/2023, W.P.(C) No. 237/2023, W.P.(C) No. 236/2023, W.P.(C) No. 234/2023, W.P.(C) No. 361/2023, W.P.(C) No. 326/2023, W.P.(C) No. 329/2023, W.P.(C) No. 347/2023, W.P.(C) No. 332/2023, W.P.(C) No. 324/2023, W.P.(C) No. 338/2023, W.P.(C) No. 403/2023, W.P.(C) No. 383/2023, W.P.(C) No. 417/2023, W.P.(C) No. 588/2023, W.P.(C) No. 363/2023, W.P.(C) No. 424/2023, W.P.(C) No. 402/2023, W.P.(C) No. 422/2023, W.P.(C) No. 476/2023, W.P.(C) No. 433/2023, W.P.(C) No. 413/2023, W.P.(C) No. 426/2023, W.P.(C) No. 458/2023, W.P.(C) No. 459/2023, W.P.(C) No. 465/2023, W.P.(C) No. 454/2023, W.P.(C) No. 448/2023, W.P.(C) No. 521/2023, W.P.(C) No. 584/2023, W.P.(C) No. 546/2023, W.P.(C) No. 694/2023, W.P.(C) No. 693/2023, W.P.(C) No. 566/2023, W.P.(C) No. 528/2023, W.P.(C) No. 541/2023, W.P.(C) No. 557/2023, W.P.(C) No. 542/2023, W.P.(C) No. 553/2023, W.P.(C) No. 602/2023, W.P.(C) No. 596/2023, W.P.(C) No. 657/2023, W.P.(C) No. 620/2023, W.P.(C) No. 634/2023, W.P.(C) No. 652/2023, W.P.(C) No. 643/2023, W.P.(C) No. 647/2023, W.P.(C) No. 649/2023, W.P.(C) No. 1192/2023, W.P.(C) No. 212/2023, W.P.(C) No. 480/2023, W.P.(C) No. 683/2023, W.P.(C) No. 797/2023, W.P.(C) No. 798/2023, W.P.(C) No. 885/2023, W.P.(C) No. 811/2023, W.P.(C) Diary No(s). 20508/2023, W.P.(C) No. 601/2023, W.P.(C) No. 663/2023, W.P.(C) No. 617/2023, W.P.(C) No. 641/2023, W.P.(C) No. 690/2023, W.P.(C) No. 639/2023, W.P.(C) No. 729/2023, W.P.(C) No. 728/2023, W.P.(C) No. 743/2023, W.P.(C) No. 711/2023, W.P.(C) No. 667/2023, W.P.(C) No. 668/2023, W.P.(C) No. 684/2023, W.P.(C) No. 778/2023, W.P.(C) No. 786/2023, W.P.(C) No. 709/2023, W.P.(C) No. 734/2023, W.P.(C) No. 770/2023, W.P.(C) No. 735/2023, W.P.(C) No. 774/2023, W.P.(C) No. 740/2023, W.P.(C) No. 731/2023, W.P.(C) No. 751/2023, W.P.(C) No. 818/2023, W.P.(C) No. 861/2023, W.P.(C) No. 883/2023, W.P.(C) No. 903/2023, W.P.(C) No. 779/2023, W.P.(C) No. 845/2023, W.P.(C) No. 791/2023, W.P.(C) No. 839/2023, W.P.(C) No. 787/2023, W.P.(C) No. 871/2023, W.P.(C) No. 810/2023, W.P.(C) No. 805/2023, W.P.(C) No. 803/2023, W.P.(C) No. 795/2023, W.P.(C) No. 842/2023, W.P.(C) No. 924/2023, W.P.(C) No. 919/2023, W.P.(C) No. 926/2023, W.P.(C) No. 920/2023, W.P.(C) No. 997/2023, W.P.(C) No. 886/2023, W.P.(C) No. 915/2023, W.P.(C) No. 936/2023, W.P.(C) No. 954/2023, W.P.(C) No. 1021/2023, W.P.(C) No. 1052/2023, W.P.(C) No. 1004/2023, W.P.(C) No. 973/2023, W.P.(C) No. 1023/2023, W.P.(C) No. 1016/2023, W.P.(C) No. 1026/2023, W.P.(C) No. 1041/2023, W.P.(C) No. 1090/2023, W.P.(C) No. 1116/2023, W.P.(C) No. 1094/2023, W.P.(C) No. 1145/2023, W.P.(C) No. 1101/2023, W.P.(C) No. 1065/2023, W.P.(C) No. 1071/2023, W.P.(C) No. 1095/2023, W.P.(C) No. 1111/2023, W.P.(C) No. 1068/2023, W.P.(C) No. 1110/2023, W.P.(C) No. 1040/2023, W.P.(C) No. 1132/2023, W.P.(C) No. 1107/2023, W.P.(C) No. 1171/2023, W.P.(C) No. 1221/2023, W.P.(C) No. 1233/2023, W.P.(C) No. 1217/2023, W.P.(C) No. 1194/2023, W.P.(C) No. 1242/2023
Decided On : 09-11-2023

Advocates appeared:
For the Petitioner(s): Dr. Abhishek Manu Singhvi, Sr. Adv. Ms. Pallavi Pratap, AOR Ms. Prachi Pratap, Adv. Mr. Ritin Rai, Sr. Adv. Dr. Prashant Pratap, Adv. Mr. Avishkar Singhvi, Adv. Ms. Ritika Sinha, Adv. Ms. Gunjan Mathur, Adv. Mr. Mridul Yadav, Adv. Ms. Shreya Munoth, Adv. Mr. Ritin Rai, Sr. Adv. Mr. Lzafeer Ahmad B. F., AOR Ms. Gunjan Mathur, Adv. Mr. Vaibhav Choudhary, Adv. Ms. Ayesha Zaidi, Adv. Mr. Rajdeep Saraf, Adv. Mr. Sidharth Kaushik, Adv. Mr. Prateek Sekseria, Sr. Adv. Mr. Rajat Sehgal, AOR Mrs. Vandana Anand, Adv. Mr. Samyak Jain, Adv. Mr. Prateek Seksaria, Sr. Adv. Mr. Siddhath Bhatnagar, Sr. Adv. Mr. Sumesh Dhawan, Adv. Mr. Ankur Saigal, Adv. Mr. Mahesh Agarwal, Adv. Mr. Rohan Dakshni, Adv. Mr. Vatsala Kak, Adv. Ms. Geetika Sharma, Adv. Mr. Ankur Saigal, Adv. Mr. Pranjit Bhattacharya, Adv. Mr. Vishesh Malviya, Adv. Ms. Pracheta Kar, Adv. Ms. Kamakshi Sehgal, Adv. Mr. Divyanshu Srivastava, Adv. Ms. Pooja Vasandani, Adv. Mr. Shivam Shukla, Adv. Mr. Shaurya Shyam, Adv. Mr. Nishant Chothani, Adv. Mr. Yash Cheda, Adv. Mr. Archit Jain, Adv. Mr. Shashwat Singh, Adv. Mr. Aditya Sidhra, Adv. Ms. Kamakshi Saigal, Adv. Mr. E. C. Agrawala, AOR Mr. Nadeem Afroz, Adv. Mr. Rajiv Dutta, Sr. Adv. Mr. Shravan Kumar Yammanur, AOR Mr. Arvind Kumar Gupta, Adv. Ms. Henna George, AOR Mr. Vijay K Singh, Adv. Mr. Himanshu Dubey, Adv. Mr. Kumar Shashwat Singh Sawno, Adv. Mr. Prem Prakash, AOR Ms. Eshna Kumar, Adv. Mr. Masoom Shah, Adv. Mr. Pulkit Deora, Adv. Mr. Nipun Gautam, Adv. Mr. Udit Gupta, Adv. Mr. Anup Jain, Adv. Ms. Prachi Gupta, Adv. Mr. Vyom Chaturvedi, Adv. Ms. Divya Hirawat, Adv. Ms. Nishtha Goel, Adv. Mr. Akshat Maheshwari, Adv. M/S. Udit Kishan And Associates, AOR Ms. Pooja M Saigal, Adv. Mr. Snehasish Mukherjee, AOR Mr. Nikhil Sabri, Adv. Mr. Ishank Jha, Adv. Mr. Nipun Gupta, Adv. Mr. Abhimanyu Bhandari, Adv. Mr. Arjun Syal, Adv. Mr. Shreyan Das, Adv. Ms. Anindita Mitra, AOR Mr. Abhimanyu Bhandari, Adv. Ms. Nattasha Garg, Adv. Mr. Thakur Ankit Singh, Adv. Ms. Rooh-e-hina Dua, AOR Mrs. Nina R. Nariman, Adv. Mr. Piyush Singh, Adv. Mr. Aditya Parolia, Adv. Mr. Alankrit Bhatnagar, Adv. Ms. Kashish Sareen, Adv. Mr. Vivek Kumar, Adv. Ms. Sumbul Ismail, Adv. Mr. Jayant Upadhyay, Adv. Mr. Rajesh Kumar, Adv. Mr. Gaurav Goel, AOR Mr. Mohit Chaudhary, Adv. Mrs. Puja Sharma, Adv. Mr. Kunal Sachdeva, Adv. Ms. Madhuri Jain, Adv. Mr. Prakhar Mithal, Adv. Ms. Arushi Jain, Adv. Ms. Srishti Bajpai, Adv. Mr. Aashish Arya, Adv. Ms. Sagrika Arya, Adv. Mr. Anubhav Singhal, Adv. M/S. Kings And Alliance Llp, AOR Ms. Purti Gupta, AOR Mr. Arvind Kumar Gupta, Adv. Ms. Henna George, Adv. Mr. Subhankar Nag, Adv. Mr. Partha Sil, AOR Mr. Tavish Bhushan Prasad, Adv. Ms. Sayani Bhattacharya, Adv. Mr. Abhiraj Choudhary, Adv. Ms. Tahira Karanjawala, Adv. Mr. Arjun Sharma, Adv. Mr. Shreyas Maheshwari, Adv. Ms. Sukanya Das, Adv. M/S. Karanjawala & Co., AOR Mr. Mathews J. Nedumpara, Adv. Ms. Usha Nandini V., AOR Ms. Maria Nedumpara, Adv. Ms. Hemali Kurne, Adv. Ms. Rohini Amin, Adv. Mr. Shameem Fayiz, Adv. Mr. Bhupinder Singh Munday, Adv. Mr. Pai Amit, Adv. Ms. Ranu Purohit, AOR Mr. Abhyudaya Vats, Adv. Mr. Yashas Rk, Adv. Mrs. Taruna Singh Gohil, AOR Mr. S S Ray, Adv. Ms. Praveena Gautam, AOR Mr. Pawan Shukla, Adv. Ms. Akanksha Tyagi, Adv. Mr. Kunal Vajani, Adv. Mr. Kunal Mimani, AOR Mr. Kartikey Bhatt, Adv. Mr. Shubhang Tandon, Adv. Mr. Gaurav Khatri, Adv. Mr. Pranav Sarthi, AOR Mr. Nitish Chodhary, Adv. Mr. Siddharth Mittal, AOR Mr. Pai Amit, AOR Ms. Komal Mundhra, Adv. Mr. Abhiyudaya Vats, Adv. Mr. Diwakar R. Singh, Adv. Ms. Honey Satpal, Adv. Mr. Manaswi Agrawal, Adv. Mrs. Naresh Bakshi, Adv. Ms. Pankhuri Bhardwaj, Adv. Mr. Saurabh Agrawal, Adv. Ms. Vanshika Dubey, Adv. Mr. Mahesh Dube, Adv. Mr. Tathagata Dutta, Adv. Ms. Salomi Kalwade, Adv. Mr. Kushal Dube, Adv. Mr. P. Ashok, Adv. Mr. Siddhartha Chowdhury, AOR Ms. Ritwika Nanda, Adv. Mr. Gaichangpou Gangmei, Adv. Ms. Lothungbeni T. Lotha, Adv. Mr. Yimyanger Longkumer, Adv. For M/S. Trust Legal, AOR Mr. Ashutosh Thakur, AOR Mr. Dhruva Vig, Adv. Mr. Chandra Pratap, Adv. Ms. Shruti Goyal, Adv. Mr. Gaurav, AOR M/S. Mitter & Mitter Co., AOR Mr. S.K. Gandhi, Adv. Mr. Raman Tomar, Adv. Ms. Nidhi Jaswal, AOR Mr. Nakul Mohta, Adv. Ms. Misha Rohatgi, AOR Ms. Alina Merin Mathew, Adv. Mr. Aviral Kumar Mishra, Adv. Ms. Bhavana Duhoon, AOR Mr. Abhirup Dasgupta, Adv. Mr. Mohit D. Ram, AOR Mr. Ishaan Duggal, Adv. Ms. Mukta Halbe, Adv. Mr. Anubhav Sharma, Adv. M/S. Pratap And Co., AOR Mr. Narender Naik, Adv. Mr. Rahul Kumar, Adv. Mr. Debmalya Ganguli, Adv. Mr. Bebmalya Ganguli, Adv. Mr. Gopal Singh, AOR Mr. Abhishek Agarwal, AOR Mr. D. Abhinav Rao, AOR Mr. Devadipta Das, Adv. Mr. Rahul Jajoo, Adv. Ms. Prerna Robin, Adv. Mr. C.S. Gupta, Adv. Mr. Vijay Kumar, Adv. Mr. Shekhar Kumar, AOR Mr. Gaurav Nair, Adv. Mr. Mriganga Dutta, Adv. Mr. Ishwar Ahuja, Adv. Mr. Rahul Saxena, Adv. Ms. Bhairavi Sn, Adv. Ms. Anne Mathew, AOR Mr. Anurag Ojha, AOR Mr. Vipul, Adv. Mr. D N Chaturvedi, Adv. Mr. Keshri Kumar Tiwari, Adv. Ms. Krutika Raghavan, Adv. Ms. Gayatri Gulati, Adv. Mr. Bhairav Kuttaih, Adv. Mr. Bhairav Kuttaiah, Adv. Ms. Sameeksha Patil, Adv. Mr. T. V. S. Raghavendra Sreyas, AOR Mr. Siddharth Vasudev, Adv. Mr. Ashu Kansal, Adv. Mr. Anando Mukherjee, AOR Mr. Manish Raghav, AOR Mr. Rohit Gour, Adv. Mr. Jugnu Bhati, Adv. Mr. Aakarshan Aditya, AOR Mr. Anshuman Sharma, Adv. Ms. Pallavi Langar, AOR Ms. Gauri Rishi, Adv. Ms. Srishti Juneja, Adv. Ms. Garima Sehgal, Adv. Mr. Aman Varma, AOR Mr. Vishesh Kalra, Adv. Ms. Riya Wasade, Adv. Mr. Prashant Katara, Adv. Dr. (Mrs.) Vipin Gupta, AOR Mr. Rakesh Kumar, Adv. Mr. Saurabh Mishra, AOR Mr. Varun Pandit, Adv. Ms. Preeti Kashyap, Adv. Mr. Shrimay Mishra, Adv. Mr. Rishi K Awasthi, Adv. Mr. Piyush Vatsa, Adv. Ms. Ritu Arora, Adv. Mr. Amit Awasthi, Adv. Ms. Yukti Anand, Adv. Mr. Usman Khan, Adv. Mr. Avinash Ankit, Adv. Mr. Rahul Kumar Gupta, Adv. Mr. Shubham Saxena, Adv. Mr. Punit Vinay, AOR Ms. Tatini Basu, AOR Mr. Malak Manish Bhatt, AOR Ms. Neeha Nagpal, Adv. Mr. Kaustav Talukdar, Adv. Mr. Ishan Das, Adv. Mr. Mrityunjai Singh, AOR Mr. Rajesh J, Adv. Ms. Anshula Vijay Kumar Grover, AOR Ms. Nitika Grover, Adv. Mr. Mayan Prasad, Adv. Mr. Vishesh Kalra, Adv. Ms. Mithu Jain, AOR Mr. Sunil Fernandes, Adv. Mr. Abhishek Anand, Adv. Ms. Diksha Dadu, Adv. Mr. Karan Kohli, Adv. Mr. Maulk Chokshi, Adv. Mr. Tarun Arora, Adv. Ms. Priyansha Sharma, Adv. Mr. Sajal Jain, Adv. Mr. Supriyo Banerjee, Adv. Mr. Sanchit Garga, Adv. Mr. Sikhar Tiwari, Adv. Mr. Kunal Rana, Adv. Mr. Kashish Rehan, Adv. Mr. Lubhanshi Rai, Adv. Mr. Rasveen Kaur Kapoor, Adv. Mr. Pulkit Tare, AOR Mr. Sahil Tagotra, AOR Ms. Abhivyakti Banerjee, Adv. Mr. Rakesh Talukdar, Adv. Mr. Abhishek Pandey, Adv. Mr. Pulkit Srivastava, AOR Mr. D.K. Garg, Adv. Mr. Abhishek Garg, Adv. Mr. Dhananjay Garg, AOR Mr. Ishaan Tiwari, Adv. Mr. Varun Satiya, Adv. Mr. Karma Dorjee, AOR Mr. Vaibhav Agarwal, Adv. Mr. Parvez Bashista, Adv. Mr. Sunil Ahaya, Adv. Mr. Prashant Katara, Adv. Mr. Harsh Varna, Adv. Mr. Surendra Ramgopal Agarwal, Adv. Mr. Md. Sadath Hussain, Adv. Mr. Mohammad Usman Siddiqui, Adv. Mr. Vijay Kumar, Adv. Mrs. Aisha Siddiqui, Adv. Dr. Ram Kishore Chaudhary, Adv. Mr. Syed Kashan Ali, Adv. Ms. Sakeena Quidwai, Adv. Mrs. Shikha Bhargava, Adv. Mr. Chand Qureshi, AOR Mr. Rajiv K Virmani, Adv. Mr. Gaurav Jain, Adv. Mr. Atul Malhotra, Adv. Mr. Abhinav Agrawal, AOR Ms. Swati Bhardwaj, Adv. Mr. Kartik Sharma, Adv. Mr. Soumik Ghosal, AOR Mr. Sandeep S. Ladda, Adv. Mr. Soumik Ghosal, Adv. Mr. Gaurav Singh, Adv. Mr. Adnan A. Ansari, Adv. Ms. Niharika Ahluwalia, AOR Mr. Arpit Sharma, Adv. Mr. Pranjit Bhattacharya, Adv. Mr. Vaibhav Niti, AOR Ms. Raj Sarit Khare, Adv. Ms. Madhavi Agrawal, Adv. Mr. Divyanshu Agrawal, Adv. Mr. B. Srinivas, Adv. Mr. Madhur Mahajan, Adv. Ms. Anindita Pujari, AOR Mr. Anant Prakash, AOR Mr. Anand Dilip Landge, AOR Mr. Apoorv Shukla, AOR Mr. Manan Verma, AOR Mr. Rajat Mittal, AOR Mr. Hemant Chaudhri, Adv. Mr. Parminder Singh Bhullar, AOR Mr. Arjun Mahajan, Adv. Mr. Davesh Bhatia, Adv. Mr. Raghvendra N Budholiya, Adv. Mr. Piyush Gautam, Adv. Mr. Sumit R. Sharma, AOR Mr. Anish R. Shah, AOR Mr. Anuj Tiwari, Adv. Mr. Nikhil Anand, Adv. Mr. Aditya Bharat Manubarwala, Adv. Mr. Saurabh K Mishra, Adv. Ms. Tuhina Mishra, Adv. Mr. Shubham Rajhans, Adv. Ms. Prakhar Shukla, Adv. Mr. Hitesh Kumar Sharma, Adv. Mr. Bharat Thakorlal Manubarwala, AOR Mr. Sandeep Hirvadekar, Adv. Mr. K. Parameshwar, AOR Ms. Arti Gupta, Adv. Ms. Kanti, Adv. Mr. Chinmay Kalgaonkar, Adv. Mr. Shikhar Garg, Adv. Mr. Akshat Srivastava, AOR Mr. Kumar Dushyant Singh, AOR Mr. Rohit Sharma, Adv. Mr. Nikhil Purohit, Adv. Mr. Jatin Lalwani, Adv. Mr. Vaibhav Sahni, Adv. Ms. Tina Garg, AOR Mr. Shivam Shukla, Adv. Mr. Anshuman Srivastava, AOR Mr. Shantanu Sagar, AOR Mrs. Divya Mishra, Adv. Mr. Prashant Chaudhary, AOR Ms. Tanu Priya Gupta, AOR Ms. Bhabna Das, AOR Mr. Kuriakose Varghese, Adv. Ms. Uttara Babbar, Adv. Mr. V. Shyamohan, Adv. Ms. Aishwarya Hariharan, Adv. Ms. Anshika Bajpai, Adv. M/S. Kmnp Law, AOR Mr. Saksham Maheshwari, AOR Mr. V.C. Shukla, Adv. Mr. Vikash Chandra Shukla, AOR Mr. Aishvary Vikram, Adv. Mr. Ajay Awasthi, Adv. Mr. Nitesh Ranjan, Adv. Mr. Suyash Pande, Adv. Mr. Tarun Gulia, Adv. Mr. Piyush Singh, Adv. Mr. Jaydip Pati, Adv. Mr. Anantha Narayana M.G., Adv. Mr. Sushant Bajaj, Adv. Mr. Sidhartha Relan, Adv. Mr. Siddhartha Relan, Adv. Mr. Akshya Kumar Panda, Adv. Mr. Pushpraj Singh Parihar, Adv. Mr. Prabhsimar Singh, Adv. Mr. Abhinav Gupta, Adv. Mr. Neetej Kumar, Adv. Mr. Nishanth Patil, AOR Ms. Puja Sharma, AOR Mr. Simarpal Singh Sawhney, Adv. Mr. Aditya Singh, AOR M/S. Vedya Partners Aor, AOR Mr. Vardhman Kaushik , AOR Mr. Sujoy Datta, AOR Mr. NPS Chawla, Adv. Mr. Surekh Kant Baxy, Adv. Ms. Mahima Shekhawat, Adv. Mrs. Mahima Shekhawat, Adv. Mr. Gautam Singhal, Adv. Mr. Om Pal, Adv. Mr. Rajat Chaudhary, Adv. Mr. Sudhir Naagar, AOR Ms. Mehaak Jaggi, AOR Ms. Barnali Chowdhury, Adv. Mr. Dechen W. Lachungpa, Adv. Mr. Abhishek Roy, Adv. Mrs. Pragya Baghel, AOR Mr. Ajay Vikram Singh, AOR Mr. Anup Jain, AOR Mr. Abhay Anand Jena, AOR Mr. Arup Banerjee, AOR Mr. D. Bharat Kumar, Adv. Mr. Kaoliangpou Kamei, Adv. Mr. Utkarsh Pratap, Adv. Mr. Aman Shukla, Adv. Mr. Lavkesh Bhambhani, Adv. Mr. Abhinay Reddy M., Adv. Ms. Marbiang Khongwir, Adv. Mr. Harshwardhan Thakur, Adv. Ms. Achala Siri Doddala, Adv. Mr. Raghav Kumar, Adv. Ms. Shreya Devaki, Adv. Ms. Praneetha Sreeramula, Adv. Mr. Manasvi Reddy J, Adv. Mr. M. Chandrakanth Reddy, Adv. Mr. Nring Chamwibo Zeliang, Adv. Ms. Anu Priya Nisha Minz, Adv. Mr. Siddhartha Sinha, AOR Mr. Chritarth Palli, AOR Mr. Ankur Bansal, AOR Mr. Sidhant Dhingra, Adv. Mr. Sadre Alam, Adv. Mr. Krishna Dev Jagarlamudi, AOR Mr. M Gireesh Kumar, Adv. Mr. Ankur S. Kulkarni, AOR Ms. Priya Bhalerao, Adv. Mr. Varun Kanwal, Adv. Mr. Kaushik Laik, AOR Mr. S. Ram Babu, Adv. Mr. Angad Mehta, Adv. Mr. Ashay Kaushik, Adv. Mr. Shashank Tiwari, Adv. Mr. Aditya Soni, AOR Mr. Jose Abraham, AOR Ms. Vismai Rao, AOR Mr. Harsh, Adv. Mr. Sameer Abhyankar, AOR Mr. Rahul Kumar, Adv. Mr. Naman Jain, Adv. Mr. Aman Malik, AOR Mr. Anish Maheswari, Adv. Mr. Vijay Kumar Maurya, Adv. Ms. Naazish Khan, Adv. Mr. Debesh Panda, AOR Mr. Kaushik Poddar, AOR Mr. Saurabh Jain, Adv. Mr. Ankur Sood, AOR Mr. Soayib Qureshi, AOR Mr. Nitin Mishra, AOR Mr. Aayush Agarwala, Adv. Mr. Anuj P. Agarwala, Adv. Mr. Nishit Dhruva, Adv. Ms. Khushbu Chajjed, Adv. Mr. Yash Dhruva, Adv. Mr. Auritro Mukherjee, Adv. M/S. Pba Legal, AOR Mr. Raj Kamal, AOR Mr. Shikhar Sarin, Adv. Mr. Aseem Atwal, Adv. Mr. Kartavya Batra, Adv. Ms. Nupur Kaushik, Adv. Ms. Stuti, Adv. Ms. Aprajita Tyagi, Adv. Ms. Muskan Sidana, Adv. Mr. Sumit Sinha, AOR Mr. Mandeep Kalra , AOR Ms. Supriya Juneja, AOR Ms. Hetu Arora Sethi, AOR Ms. Lalit Mohini Bhat, Adv. Ms. Saumya Preeti Tandon, Adv. Mr. Rahul Jain, Adv. Mr. Anirudh Bhat, Adv. Mr. Ninad Dogra, AOR Mr. Balaji Srinivasan, AOR Mr. G. Vidya Sagar, Adv. Mr. A. Venayagam Balan, AOR Ms. Soujanya, Adv. Mr. C.M. Sundaram, Adv. Mr. Kiritkumar Govindlal Sheth, Adv. Mr. Gaurav Pal, Adv. Mr. Puneet Thakur, Adv. Mr. Ashray Behura, Adv. Ms. Sujata Kurdukar, AOR Mr. Abhirup Das Gupta, Adv. Mr. Rahul Gupta, Adv. Ms. Prachi Johri, Adv. Mr. Ishan Duggal, Adv. Ms. Mukta, Adv. Mr. Himanshu Dhawan, Adv. Mr. Shubham Jain, AOR Ms. Aakashi Lodha, AOR Ms. Vipasha Singh, AOR Mr. D. Bharat Kumar, Adv. Mr. Utkarsh Pratap, Adv. Mr. Aman Shukla, Adv. Mr. Raghav Kumar, Adv. Mr. Abhinay Reddy M., Adv. Ms. Achala Siri Doddala, Adv. Ms. Shreya Devaki, Adv. Mr. Lavkesh Bhambhani, Adv. Mr. Harshwardhan Thakur, Adv. Ms. Praneetha Sreeramula, Adv. Ms. Manasvi Reddy J, Adv. Mr. M. Chandrakanth Reddy, Adv. Mr. Gopal Jha, AOR Mr. Alok Dhir, Adv. Ms. Varsha Banerjee, Adv. Mr. Karan Batura, AOR Mr. GP Madaan, Adv. Mr. Aditya Madaan, Adv. Mr. Salvador Santosh Rebello, AOR Mr. Raghav Sharma, Adv. Ms. Shivangi Singhal, Adv. Mr. Archit Upadhayay, AOR Mr. Sravan Kumar Karanam, AOR Ms. Shireesh Tyagi, Adv. Mr. Akshay Mann, Adv. Mr. Sarthak Ghonkrokta, AOR
For the Respondent(s): Mr. Tushar Mehta, Solicitor General Mr. Kanu Agrawal, Adv. Mr. Rajan Kumar Chourasia, Adv. Mr. Shailesh Madiyal, Adv. Mr. Apoorva Kurup, Adv. Mr. Sourav Roy, Adv. Mr. Arvind Kumar Sharma, AOR Mr. Tushar Mehta, Solicitor General Mr. Kanu Agrawal, Adv. Mr. Shailesh Madiyal, Adv. Mr. Apoorv Kurup, Adv. Mr. Rajan Kumar Chourasia, Adv. Mr. Sourav Roy, Adv. Mr. Amrish Kumar, AOR Mr. Tushar Mehta, Solicitor General Mr. Rakesh Dwivedi, Sr. Adv. Ms. Megha Karnwal, Adv. Mr. Surya Prakash, Adv. Mr. Devesh Dubey, Adv. Mr. Arjun Bhatia, Adv. Ms. Divya Singh Pundir, Adv. Ms. Mahima Kapur, Adv. Ms. Isha Virmani, Adv. Mrs. Shubhra Kapur, Adv. Mr. Sanjay Kapur, AOR Mr. Nakul Dewan, Sr. Adv. Ms. Anannya Ghosh, AOR Mr. Adarsh Ramanujan, Adv. Mr. Dushyant Manocha, Adv. Mr. Neil Chatterjee, Adv. Ms. Sirka, Adv. Ms. Doel Bose, Adv. Ms. Chitra Vats, Adv. Ms. Skanda, Adv. Mr. Nakul Dewan, Sr. Adv. Ms. Priyanka Vora, AOR Mr. Ativ Patel, Adv. Mr. Siddhant Buxy, Adv. Ms. Viloma Shah, Adv. Mr. Krishna Sumanth, Adv. Mr. Arijeet Shukla, Adv. Mr. Darshit Dave, Adv. Mr. Harshad Vyas, Adv. Mr. Neil Chatterjee, Adv. Mr. Amar Dave, Adv. Ms. Ayshwarya Chander, Adv. Mr. Mayank Mishra, Adv. Ms. Sushmita Gandhi, Adv. Mr. Amit Jajoo, Adv. Ms. Anamika, Adv. Ms. Nasrin, Adv. Ms. Tushita Ghosh, AOR Mr. Rohit Anil Rathi, AOR Mr. Radhey Agrawal, Adv. Mr. Yashas Rk, Adv. M/S. Cyril Amarchand Mangaldas Aor, AOR Mr. R. Gopalakrishnan, AOR Mr. R Sudhinder, Adv. Ms. Ekta Basin, Adv. Mr. Sanidhya Sonthalia, Adv. Mr. Rajesh Kumar Gautam, AOR Mr. Anant Gautam, Adv. Ms. Shivani Sagar, Adv. Mr. Dinesh Sharma, Adv. Mr. Shamik Shirishbhai Sanjanwala, AOR Mr. Shantanu Parmar, Adv. Mr. Ateev Mathur, Adv. Mr. Gagan Gupta, AOR Mr. Amol Sharma, Adv. Ms. Megha Karnwal, AOR Mr. Arun Aggarwal, AOR Ms. Anshika Agarwal, Adv. Mr. Shivam Saini, Adv. Mr. Varun Bhatnagar, Adv. Ms. Madhu Yadav, Adv. Ms. Dipti Jain, Adv. Mr. Sidharth Sethi, AOR Ms. Pragya Chauhan, Adv. Mr. Avinash Das, Adv. Mr. Kuna Saini, Adv. Mr. Pankaj Kumar Mishra, AOR Mr. Vijay Kumar, Adv. Ms. Rekha Anand, Adv. Mr. Kanchan Kumar Jha, Adv. Mr. Pankaj Kumar Mishra, Adv. Mr. Badri Prasad Singh, AOR Mr. Palash Singhai, AOR Mr. Brijesh Kumar Tamber, AOR Mr. Ritwik Parikh, AOR Mr. Tushar Garg, Adv. Mr. Gaurav Garg, Adv. Mr. Gaurav Kumar, Adv. Mr. Sanjeev Sagar, Adv. Mr. Shekhar Raj Sharma, Adv. Ms. Akshaya Jebakumar, Adv. Mr. Jinendra Jain, AOR Mr. Yash Artha Gupta, Adv. Ms. Nishi Chaudhary, Adv. Ms. Manjeet Kirpal, AOR Mr. Tushar Singh, AOR Mr. Kunal Tandon, Adv. Ms. Richa Sandilya, Adv. Mr. Shubhankar Singh, Adv. Mr. Ronnie S. Barara, Adv. Ms. Bhavna Vijay, Adv. Mr. Rishi, Adv. Ms. Akshra Arshi, Adv. Mr. Aman Raj Gandhi, AOR Mr. Krishan Kumar, AOR Mr. Kuber Dewan, Adv. Ms. Neeharika Aggarwal, Adv. Mr. Kaustubh Srivastava, Adv. Ms. B. Vijayalakshmi Menon, AOR Mrs. Lalita Kaushik, AOR Mr. Rohan Batra, AOR Mr. Prasouk Jain, Adv. Ms. Rabiya Thakur, Adv. Mr. Karan Sinha, Adv. Mr. Anurag Sharma, Adv. Mr. Divyanshu Rai, AOR Mr. Shantanu Krishna, AOR Mr. Chandra Bhushan Prasad, AOR Mr. Ashok Kumar Jain, Adv. Mr. Amit Kasera, Adv. Mrs. Meenakshi Jain, Adv. Mr. Bijoy Kumar Jain, AOR Ms. Ekta Choudhary, AOR Miss Aanchal Jain, AOR Mr. P. S. Sudheer, AOR Mr. Rishi Maheshwari, Adv. Mr. Bharat Sood, Adv. Ms. Miranda Solaman, Adv. Ms. Padmaja Kaul, Adv. Mr. Yugank Goel, Adv. Mr. Kushagra Sah, Adv. Mr. Ritesh Patnaik, Adv. Mr. Sanjeev Kaushik, Adv. Ms. Mantika Haryani, Adv. Ms. Astha Sharma, AOR Mr. Ajay Bhargava, Adv. Mrs. Vanita Bhargava, Adv. Ms. Wamika Trehan, Adv. Mr. Siddhant Kumar, Adv. M/S. Khaitan & Co., AOR Mr. Mithilesh Kumar Pandey, Adv. Mr. Aviral Kashyap, AOR Mr. Aditya Mishra, Adv. Ms. Pallavi Daisy, Adv. Mr. Ashutosh Kumar, Adv. Mr. Palav Agarwal, Adv. Mr. Sudhanshu Kaushesh, Adv. Mr. Pulkit Agarwal, AOR Mr. Nishant Awana, Adv. Mr. Azmat Hayat Amanullah, AOR Ms. Rini Badoni, Adv. Mr. Tirupati Gaurav Shahi, Adv. Ms. Nitya Sharma, Adv. Mr. Hardik Choudhary, Adv. Mr. Uddyam Mukherjee, AOR Mr. Swapnil Pattanayak, Adv. Mr. Mahfooz Ahsan Nazki, AOR Mr. Polanki Gowtham, Adv. Ms. Rajeswari Mukherjee, Adv. Mr. Meeran Maqbool, Adv. Ms. Ruchi Guasain, Adv. Mr. Harsh, Adv. Ms. Anushree Kulkarni, Adv. Mr. Aakash Thakur, Adv. Mr. Sameer Abhyankar, AOR Mr. Rahul Kumar, Adv. Mr. Sunil Kumar Sharma, AOR Ms. Preeti Goel, Adv. Mr. O. P. Gaggar, AOR Mr. Sachindra Karn, Adv. Mr. Samar Vijay Singh, AOR Mr. Azeem A Dost, Adv. Mr. Keshav Mittal, Adv. Mr. Prashant Sharma, Adv. Ms. Sabarni Som, Adv. Mr. Birendra Kumar Mishra, AOR Ms. Poonam Atey, Adv. Mr. Prabhat Ranjan Singh, Adv. Mr. Hemendra, Adv. Ms. Shagufa Salim, AOR Ms. Monalisa Kosaria, AOR Mr. B. Shravanth Shanker, Adv. Mr. Venancio Dcosta, Adv. Ms. Astha Ojha, Adv. Ms. Gauri Goel, Adv. Mr. Faisal Sherwani, AOR Mr. Vikas Mehta, AOR Mr. Vinayak Sharma, Adv. Mr. Shakti Kanta Pattanaik, AOR Mr. Santosh Kumar, Adv. Mr. Shantanu Sagar, AOR Mr. Aayush Agarwala, Adv. Mr. Anuj P Agarwala, Adv. Mr. Nishit Dhruva, Adv. Ms. Khushbu Chajjed, Adv. Mr. Yash Dhruva, Adv. 47 Mr. Auritro Mukherjee, Adv. M/S. PBA Legal, AOR Ms. Charu Mathur, AOR Ms. Hetu Arora Sethi, AOR Mr. Yogesh Jagia, Adv.

The court upheld the constitutional validity of Sections 95 to 100 of the IBC, affirming the role of the resolution professional as facilitators, and emphasized the necessity of adhering to natural justice principles during adjudication.

Headnote:(A) Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 - Sections 95 to 100 - Constitutional validity - Petitioners challenge the constitutionality of the provisions related to the insolvency resolution process for individuals and partnerships - Court finds no violation of natural justice, emphasizing the role of the resolution professional as facilitators rather than adjudicators - The adjudicating authority must adhere to principles of natural justice when exercising jurisdiction under Section 100. (Paras 86, 87)

(B) Natural Justice - Principles of natural justice require an opportunity to be heard, but the court clarifies that this obligation primarily attaches to the adjudicating authority under Section 100, not at the stage of appointing a resolution professional. (Paras 62, 73)

(C) Interim Moratorium - The interim moratorium under Section 96 serves to protect the debtor from further legal actions, distinguishing it from the moratorium under Section 14 applicable to corporate debtors. (Paras 19, 57)

JUDGMENT :

Dr Dhananjaya Y Chandrachud, CJI.

Table of Contents

I. Background

II. Scheme of the IBC

III. Submissions

A. Submissions on behalf of the Petitioners

B. Submissions on behalf of the Respondents

IV. Analysis

A. Comparative Analysis of Part II and Part III of the IBC

1. Stages under Part II and III

2. The Role of the Resolution Professional in Corporate as opposed to Individual Insolvency

3. The impact of a moratorium under Section 14 of Part II vis-a-vis interim-moratorium under Section 96 of Chapter III of Part III

4. The Role of the Adjudicating Authority

B. Applicability of the Principles of Natural Justice

1. Role of the Resolution Professional as a facilitator is to collate facts

2. Role of the Adjudicatory Authority

3. A right of representation has been provided under Section 99(2)

C. Challenge to the constitutional validity

V. Conclusion

1. Applications for condonation of delay in refiling the writ petitions are allowed.

I. Background

2. In a batch of three hundred and eighty four petitions under Article 32 of the Constitution, the petitioners challenge the constitutional validity of Sections 95 to 100 of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code 20161[“IBC”]. The individual facts of each case are not reproduced here as we are deciding the constitutionality of the above provisions of the IBC.

3. The principle aims of the IBC are to promote investment, and resolution of insolvencies of corporate persons, firms, and individuals in a time bound manner. The IBC consolidated and amended a web of laws which had led to an ineffective and inefficient mechanism for resolution of insolvencies marked with significant delays.

4. Part III of the IBC deals with insolvency resolution and bankruptcy for individuals and partnership firms. Chapter III of Part III which is titled “Insolvency Resolution Process” (“IRP”) comprises of Sections 94 to 120. Prior to the introduction of the IBC, insolvency in relation to individuals was governed by the provisions of the Presidency Towns Insolvency Act 1909 and the Provincial Insolvency Act 1920, both of which stand repealed.

5. The provisions of the IBC apply to personal guarantors to corporate debtors.2[Section 2(e), IBC as amended by the Amending Act 8 of 2018]. In exercise of the power conferred by Section 1(3), a notification was issued on 15 November 2019 by the Union Government in the Ministry of Corporate Affairs. The notification brought into force Section 2(e), Section 78 (except with regard to fresh start process), Section 79, Section 94 to 187, Sections 239(2)(g), (h) and (i), Sections 239(2)(m) to (zc); Section 239(2)(zn) to (zs) and Section 249. The notification was challenged before this Court. In Lalit Kumar Jain v Union of India, (2021) 9 SCC 321, a two-Judge Bench inter alia, held that the liability of a guarantor is not discharged merely on the discharge of the corporate debtor.

6. By Amending Act 26 of 2018, Parliament introduced amendments inter alia, in Section 60 which provides for the jurisdiction of the adjudicating authority, namely, the National Company Law Tribunal.4[“Tribunal”] Among other things, the amendments to Section 60 comprehend the jurisdiction of the Tribunal in matters involving the bankruptcy of a corporate guarantor or personal guarantor, as the case may be, of a corporate debtor.

7. In order to consider the nature of challenge in these proceedings, it would be appropriate to make a brief reference to the provisions of the IBC.

II. Scheme of the IBC

8. Part I of the IBC deals with preliminary matters, such as its application and definitions. Part II deals with insolvency resolution and liquidation for corporate persons. Part III deals with insolvency resolution and bankruptcy for individuals and partnership firms. Part IV provides for the regulation of in

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