1. Appeal against dismissal of petition to quash FIR alleging rape under promise of marriage, assault, and criminal intimidation following a long-term live-in relationship. (Para 2 , 3 )
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2025 Supreme(SC) 955
SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
SANJAY KAROL, MANOJ MISRA, JJ.
Ravish Singh Rana – Appellant
Versus
State Of Uttarakhand & Anr. – Respondents
Criminal Appeal No. 2438 of 2025 (@ Special Leave To Appeal (Crl.) No. 2776 of 2025)
Decided On : 28-04-2025
Advocates Appeared:
For the Appellant : Mr. Gautam Barnwal, Adv., Mr. Ajeet Kumar Yadav, Adv., Mr. Nishant Gill, Adv., Mr. Saksham Kumar, Adv. Mr. Aakash, Adv., Mr. Mukesh Kumar, AOR
For the Respondents: Ms. Vanshaja Shukla, AOR, Mr. Ajay Bahuguna, Adv., Mr. Siddhant Yadav, Adv., Mr. Garvesh Kabra, AOR, Ms. Pallavi Kumari, Adv.
For the Appellant : Mr. Gautam Barnwal, Adv., Mr. Ajeet Kumar Yadav, Adv., Mr. Nishant Gill, Adv., Mr. Saksham Kumar, Adv. Mr. Aakash, Adv., Mr. Mukesh Kumar, AOR
For the Respondents: Ms. Vanshaja Shukla, AOR, Mr. Ajay Bahuguna, Adv., Mr. Siddhant Yadav, Adv., Mr. Garvesh Kabra, AOR, Ms. Pallavi Kumari, Adv.
Important Points
IMPORTANT POINT
Rape - Live-in relationship - On the ground of refusal to marry, accused cannot be subjected to prosecution for offence of rape.
Rape - Live-in relationship - On the ground of refusal to marry, accused cannot be subjected to prosecution for offence of rape.
Subject
Criminal Law - Sexual Offences
Act Referred
Headnote
Indian Penal Code, 1860 - Sections 376, 323, 504 and 506 - Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 - Section 528 - Rape, hurt, insult and criminal intimidation - Live-in relationship - Quashing petition - Relationship was not merely of knowing each other but of living together as a couple under one roof in a rented accommodation - FIR does not allege that physical relationship was established only because there was a promise of marriage - Besides, physical relationship continued for over two years without complaint in between - In such circumstances, presumption would arise of there being a valid consent for initiating and maintaining physical relationship that spanned over two years - Long-drawn relationship of appellant and respondent including circumstance of their living together and cohabiting with each other, that too, in a separate rented accommodation, would give rise to a presumption that their relationship was based on a valid consent - Settlement agreement points out that parties had been in love - In such circumstances, on ground of refusal to marry, appellant cannot be subjected to prosecution for offence of rape - When a matter of this nature comes to Court, it must not adopt a pedantic approach rather Court may, based on length of such relationship and conduct of parties, presume implied consent of parties to be in such a relationship regardless of their desire or a wish to convert it into a marital bond - Other allegations of assault and abuse have not been supported by any material particulars - Impugned FIR and consequential proceedings quashed. (Paras 10, 15, 16, 17 and 18)
Facts of the case:
Present appeal impugns judgment and order of High Court of Uttarakhand, dated 11.12.2024, by which Criminal Misc. Application filed by appellant for quashing FIR and proceedings arising therefrom, including cognizance order under Sections 376, 323, 504 and 506 of IPC, has been dismissed.
Findings of Court:
Result : Appeal allowed.
Legal Category Hierarchy
Table of Contents
2. Appellant contends consensual relationship and settlement agreement negate forced sex; respondent argues physical relationship based on a promise of marriage constitutes vitiated consent. (Para 5 , 6 , 8 )
3. Long-term cohabitation between adults creates a presumption of voluntary consent, distinguishing a mere breach of promise to marry from a fraudulent promise intended to deceive. (Para 10 , 14 , 15 , 16 )
4. A long-term live-in relationship between adults implies voluntary consent, and a mere breach of promise to marry does not vitiate consent to constitute rape. (Para 11 , 12 , 14 , 16 )
5. Appeal allowed; High Court order set aside; FIR and consequential proceedings quashed. (Para 18 )
6. What is the legal distinction between a false promise to marry and a mere breach of promise in rape cases?
A false promise occurs when the maker had no intention of fulfilling it at the time of the promise to deceive the woman into sexual relations. A mere breach of promise, where the intention was initially honest but later changed, does not vitiate consent. (Para 11 , 12 )
7. Does a long-term live-in relationship between adults create a presumption of consent for physical relations?
Yes, when two able-minded adults reside together as a live-in couple for a significant period, a presumption arises that they voluntarily chose the relationship and its consequences, regardless of a subsequent desire or wish to formalize the bond through marriage. (Para 10 , 14 , 15 , 16 )
8. How does a subsequent settlement agreement expressing love affect allegations of forced physical relationships?
A settlement agreement stating the parties love each other can negate allegations of forced physical relationships occurring immediately prior to the agreement, as it suggests the relationship remained consensual. (Para 6 , 17 )
ORDER :
1. Leave granted.
2. This appeal impugns judgment and order of the High Court of Uttarakhand1[High Court], dated 11.12.2024, by which Criminal Misc. Application No. 922 of 2024 filed by the appellant for quashing FIR No. 482 of 2023 and proceedings arising therefrom, including the cognizance order dated 13.02.2024, has been dismissed.
3. Briefly stated the facts giving rise to the instant appeal are as follows:
(i) The second respondent lodged a First Information Report2[FIR] at Police Station3[PS] Khatima, District Udham Singh Nagar on 23.11.2023 against the appellant, inter-alia, alleging that on 06.02.2021, the informant got introduced to the appellant through Facebook; after introduction, they began a live-in relationship; during this period the appellant rented a room at Khatima and established physical relationship many times with a promise to marry the informant; physical relationship continued though at times informant was abused and beaten; later, when the informant insisted on marriage, the appellant refused to marry and instead threatened the informant; and forcibly established physical relationship on 18.11.2023.
(ii) The aforesaid FIR was registered under Sections 376, 323, 504 and 506 of the Indian Penal Code, 18604[IPC].
(iii) To quash the aforesaid FIR and the consequential proceedings, the appellant filed Criminal Misc. Application No.922 of 2024 before the High Court by invoking its powers under Section 528 of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 20235[BNSS], (equivalent to section 482 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 19736[CrPC]).
(iv) In the aforesaid application, the appellant, inter alia, stated that admittedly both parties were adults; they lived together under one roof for over two years; during this period, they had physical relationship voluntarily; and, later, they codified an agreement/settlement on 19.11.2023. Thus, the allegations are nothing but mala fide, concocted with a view to blackmail the appellant and his family. Moreover, those allegations have no support from any injury/ medical report. And, in any case, an offence punishable under Section 376 IPC is not made out.
(v) The High Court by the impugned order dismissed the petition on the ground that the allegations made in the FIR disclose commission of a cognizable offence and, therefore, the same cannot be quashed.
(vi) Aggrieved by the order of the High Court, the appellant is in appeal before us.
4. We have heard learned counsel for the appellant and Ms. Vanshaja Shukla for the respondents.
Submissions on behalf of appellant
5. The contention of the learned counsel for the appellant is that admittedly the parties have executed a settlement deed on 19.11.2023, which reads as under:
“The agreement has been made today 19.11.2023 between the first party (name and address of the second respondent) and the second party (name and address of the appellant). On the advice of the respected persons with the condition that both are living together since 12th August so we must conduct Mangbhari and live like husband and wife in the room and we would hand over our papers today to the Advocate to register their marriage and they would get the registration done going to the Court. If the second party violates the agreement, the legal action can be taken against us. We both the parties know each other since February, 2021. We love each other.”
6. Based on the aforesaid settlement, the learned counsel for the appellant contended that the allegation that appellant forcibly established physical relationship with the informant on 18.11.2023 is palpably false. Had it been so, the settlement agreement, which was entered on 19.11.2023, would not have stated that parties love each other. This settlement clearly establishes that till 19.11.2023 there was no untoward incident, and the parties were in love with each other.
7. It is urged on behalf of the appellant that the High Court overlooked this settlement agreement, as a result grave injustice has been caused to
