The expression of an opinion by the enquiry officer in the charge-memos that the delinquents had abused their position and thought discredit to the department would vitiate the proceedings, as it indicated bias or, at any rate, a fear or apprehension in the minds of the delinquents that they had no hope or chance of a fair trial.

JAGANMOHAN REDDY, C. J.

( 1 ) THESE second appeals have been referred to a Bench by our learned brother, Parthasarathi, J. , in view of the different points of view said to have been expressed in decided cases on some aspects of these appeals, namely whether the expression of any comment upon the alleged actions of the delinquents or of the proposed punishments in the very first show cause notice before enquiry would vitiate the enquiry and the finding. It appears that a head Constable and a police constable filed two suits in the District Munisifs Court Cuddaph, which are the subject-matter of these second appeals impugning the validity of the orders of dismissal dated 13/09/1960. The charges against them related to an incident regarding which their conduct was considered unmeritorious and reprehensible. The District Munisif, Cuddapah, disposed of these suits buy a common judgment and one of the issues he decided was whether the order of dismissal passed by Superintendent of Police, Cuddapah, on 13-9-1960 is illegal, arbitrary, ultra vires of his powers and against the canons of natural justice. he found this issue in favour of the plaintiffs holding that the enquring Officer had prejudged the issue as he had not an open mind at the time he started the enquiry. In the result, the District Munsif decreed both the suits. Against the decrees passed in both the suits, the State of Andhra Pradesh preferred appeals. The Subordinate Judge of Cuddapah allowed the appeals, set aside the judgment and decrees and dismissed the suits.

( 2 ) THE main contentions that are urged in these second appeals on behalf of the appellants (plaintiffs) which were also urged before our learned brother are: (a) The Deputy Superintendent in his charge memo dated 17/06/1960 had prejudged the case against the plaintiffs inasmuch as he expressed, in categorical terms his opinion or verdict that the employees "had abused their position and brought discredit to the department". (b) The charge memo indicated the final punishment of dismissal and such an indication constitutes a violation of the terms of Article 311 of the Constitution, besides manifesting the bias which actuated and vitiated the whole process of inquiry.

( 3 ) OUR learned brother, Parthasarathi, J. has, in a considered order of reference, dealt with several cases pertaining to the aforesaid questions and relying upon certain observations made by the Supreme Court of the United States in United States of America v. Morgan, (1941) 313 US 409 stated "whether these observation can be regarded as laying down a rule which can be applied to all administrative tribunals, is a matter on which considerable doubt may be entertained. But it seems to me that the observations made in the charge-sheet do not vitiate the proceeding in this case, especially because the final order imposing the punishment was made, not by the officer that made the observations, but by a person of a higher rank whose judgment is not shown to have been influenced in any manner by the observations that are complained of. " It is true that a person authorised to award a punishment can always entrust an enquriy to a person who is not so authorised Pradyat kumar Bose v. Honble the Chief Justice of Calcutta high Court, 1955- 2 SCR 1331 = (AIR 1956 SC 285 ). It is equally true that the entire proceedings beginning from the show cause notice, framing of the charges and the conduct of the enquiry and ending with the report and final show cause notice of punishment must conform to certain well accepted principles of natural justice i. e. , that the Enquiring Officer must be unbiased and should not prejudge the case, and that the enquiry also must be fair and impartial by giving full opportunity to the delinquent to plead and establish his defence. It appears that even where it is not alleged that the punishing authority is not biased or has not in any way violated the principles of natural justice or has not transgressed any of the accep

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