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2023 Supreme(Bom) 1691

IN THE HIGH COURT OF BOMBAY
M.S. Sonak, Bharat P. Deshpande, JJ.
Abhinandan Patel - Appellant
Versus
State - Respondent
Criminal Appeal No. 689 of 2022 (F)
Decided On : 28-06-2023

Advocates appeared:
Caroline Collasso, Advocate, Kamalakant Poulekar, Advocate, Shailendra G. Bhobe, Advocate, Rohan P. Desai, Advocate, Bhargav Samant, Advocate, Avani Chodankar, Advocate, Kshama Naik, Advocate, Akshay Priolkar, Advocate, Arun Bras, Advocate, Kyle Dsouza, Advocate, Alphy Dsouza, Advocate, Sahil Sardesai, Advocate, Arun Bras De Sa, Advocate

Headnote:(A) Indian Penal Code, 1860 - Sections 120B, 302, 397, and 201 - Appellants convicted in Sessions Case No. 42 of 2013 for conspiracy, murder, robbery, and destruction of evidence, sentenced to life imprisonment and fines - Acquitted by High Court due to lack of incriminating evidence, reliance on confessions deemed inadmissible, and irregularities in identification procedures. (Paras 3, 4, 130, 131; Final decision)

(B) Conviction based on circumstantial evidence - Prosecution's burden to prove each circumstance beyond reasonable doubt not met, leading to reasonable doubt about guilt. (Paras 24, 126)

(C) Identification parade issues - Delay and flawed procedures undermine reliability of witness identifications, not corroborated by other evidence. (Paras 53, 60, 124)

(D) Extra-judicial confessions considered inadmissible - Inducements during police custody invalidate confessions recorded. (Paras 98, 100) (E) Findings on mobile phone records and their connection to the accused raised serious doubts concerning admissibility. (Paras 81, 96) (F)

Result: Convictions quashed; acquittal of all accused. (Result paragraph)

Table of Content
1. overview of the case and procedural history. (Para 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 20 , 21)
2. arguments by the accused's counsel regarding procedural flaws. (Para 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11)
3. prosecution responses and arguments. (Para 13 , 14 , 15 , 19)
4. points arranged for court determination. (Para 18 , 26 , 27 , 31)
5. legal standards for confessions and evidence. (Para 32 , 39 , 40)
6. observe reliability and procedural correctness of witness identifications. (Para 53 , 54 , 56 , 57)
7. crd, sdr analysis and their evidentiary issues. (Para 81 , 82 , 83 , 124 , 125)
8. legal implications of hotel accommodations. (Para 104 , 106 , 107 , 108)
9. final court order and conclusions. (Para 131 , 132)

JUDGMENT/ORDER

BHARAT P.DESHPANDE, J. - All the above Appeals are taken up for disposal together as the Appellants/Accused persons are challenging the conviction and sentence awarded by the learned Trial Court in Sessions Case No. 42 of 2013.

2. Criminal Appeal No. 689 of 2022 (F) is filed by Abhinandan @ Raj Patel (Accused No. 2), Criminal Appeal No. 702 of 2022 (F) is filed by Anil Bhoe (Accused No. 3), Criminal Appeal No. 1 of 2023 is filed by Aniket Yallurkar (Accused No. 7) and Criminal Appeal No. 2 of 2023 is filed by Ravi Patil (Accused No. 4) and Arun Patil (Accused No. 5).

3. In Sessions Case No. 42 of 2013, in all, seven Accused persons were tried for the offence punishable under Ss. 120B, 302, 397 and 201 of the INDIAN PENAL CODE , 1860 (for short, the IPC). By the impugned judgment dtd. 16/8/2022, the learned Sessions Judge, acquitted Accused No. 1 and Accused No. 6 of all the charges and convicted Accused Nos. 2 to 5 and 7 for the offence punishable under Ss. 120B, 302, 397 and 201 of the IPC. Accordingly, the learned Sessions Judge sentenced all the said convicted Accused persons for the offence punishable under Ss. 120B and 302 of the IPC, to suffer imprisonment for life and to pay a fine of Rs.1.00 lakh and in default to undergo imprisonment for a period of three years. Similarly, all the said convicted Accused persons were sentenced to suffer ten years of rigorous imprisonment and to pay a fine of Rs.50, 000.00 and in default to undergo further rigorous imprisonment of two years for the offence punishable under Sec. 397 of the IPC. As far as Sec. 201 of the IPC is concerned, all the convicted Accused persons were sentenced to suffer rigorous imprisonment for a period of seven years and to pay a fine of Rs.25, 000.00 and in default to suffer further rigorous imprisonment for one a period of one year. Surprisingly, there is no mention about any set off against the period already undergone during the trial as provided under Sec. 428 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (for short, the Cr.P.C.). There is also no mention as to whether all the sentences shall run concurrently. No reason is forthcoming on both of these aspects in the judgment.

4. As far as the acquittal of Accused Nos. 1 and 6 is concerned, the State preferred an Application for leave to appeal, which was also taken upon simultaneously along with the present Appeals. However, we propose to pass separate orders on that Application for leave to appeal since the parameters for grant of leave to appeal as compared to the aspect of the challenge raised to the conviction are totally different.

SUBMISSIONS ON BEHALF OF APPELLANTS/ACCUSED:

5. We have heard the learned Counsel appearing for the respective Accused persons at length. We have also heard the learned Public Prosecutor Mr. Bhobe appearing for the State in all these Appeals. With the assistance of the learned Counsel for the Accused persons and that of the learned Public Prosecutor, we have extensively gone through the paper book and more specifically, the evidence as well as the documents relied upon by the Prosecution and discussed by the learned Sessions Judge while convicting the respective Appellants.

6. The main contention as raised by the learned Counsel for the Appellants/Accused persons is that the

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